1. Later History of the Middle East/Government Unit 6 SSWG3 The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary North Africa/Southwest Asia. a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on North Africa/Southwest Asia. c. Analyze the impact natural resources, especially oil, have on North Africa/Southwest Asia. e. Explain the impact of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the development of the region’s culture. g. Describe the major ethnic and cultural groups in North Africa/Southwest Asia; include major customs and traditions.

2.  Ottoman Empire  Creation of Israel  Israel v. Muslim Countries PLO & Hamas  Iran  Iraq

3. Ottoman Empire  Began in the early 1300’s  Made up of Sunni Muslims  Sunni Muslims: choose religious leaders to lead prayer and interpret the Qur’an Largest group of Islamic followers  Empire began to expanded into Southern Europe, Eastern Europe & North Africa  SIGNIFICANCE: Ottomans acquired a new capital and port which allowed them to expand & spread Islam

4. Ottoman Empire continued  Ottomans tolerant of Christians/Jews Allowed religious freedom throughout their empire  1700’s --- Ottoman Empire begins declining  Great Britain/France begin to take much territory from the Ottomans Algeria --- France Egypt --- Great Britain  Great Britain/France waiting for Ottomans to crumble

5. Fall of Ottoman Empire  World War I --- Ottomans side w/ Germany  Great Britain makes deal with Ottomans: Create Arab homeland with religious freedom for all faiths  Great Britain secretly plans to divide empire with France

6. Fall of Ottoman Empire continued o Ottomans & Germany lose WWI Ottomans forced to sign peace treaty 3 parts of peace treaty: 1. Arab state in Saudi Arabia & Yemen 2. France controls Syria & Lebanon 3. Great Britain gets Iraq, Jordan, & Palestine (Israel)

7. Creation of Israel  Zionist Movement (late 1800’s/early 1900’s) Jews thought Palestine was the only home they knew & free from persecution  PROBLEM Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI British promised Muslims a homeland --- offered Muslims self determination Self determination: right to decide political future

8. Creation of Israel continued  BIGGER PROBLEM: Balfour Declaration (1917): Stated G. Britain’s support for creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine w/out violating Muslim rights  Many Muslim nations (Jordan, Syria, Iraq) began to form independent nations after World War II  Sympathy arose for the Jews after news of their suffering emerged during WWII (Holocaust) Jews from Europe began to migrate to Israel

9. Creation of Israel continued  Tensions among the 3 groups (British, Muslims, Jews) turned violent  1947 --- British w/drew from Palestine --- turned area over to the United Nations  UN Solution for Palestine: Palestine --- divided into 2 states (one Muslim, one Jewish) (1) Jerusalem would be international city sacred to Christians, Muslims, Jews (2)

10. Creation of Israel continued  accepted UN plan, Muslims did not  Muslims said plan not fair since they had majority population  UN approved division of Palestine  1948 --- creation of Israel  Almost immediately, Muslim countries attack

12. Israel v. Muslim countries  Israel’s borders change within a 30 year period 1948 War, 1967 Six Day War & the 1973 Yom Kippur War Egypt, Jordan, Syria  Israel gains more land West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula  Palestinian Muslims flee to areas/live in refugee camps Sinai Peninsula will eventually go back to Egypt

16. PLO  Palestinian Liberation Organization  Formed in mid-1960’s to represent best interests of Palestinian Muslims  Said Muslims were only group that had rights to Palestine  Leader: Yasir Arafat (dies 2004)  1980’s --- called for an intifada or uprising in Israeli occupied territories terrorist attacks by PLO against Israel  Has control of West Bank  Official gov’t now called the Palestinian National Authority

18. Hamas  Created in the 1980’s  Also responsible for terrorist attacks against Israel  Took control of Gaza Strip --- 2007  Imposed Islamic law Legal system based on Islamic principles  Money for Hamas comes from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =tfMyuDc9yx0 4:12 min

19. Hezbollah  Military group/political party in Lebanon Founded in response to Israeli forces invading Lebanon in the early 1980’s  Led by Shi’a Muslims  Sophisticated attacks against Israel  Determined to drive Israeli troops out of Lebanon  Also claimed responsibility for 1983 killings of 200 U.S. Marines in Beirut, Lebanon

20. Conflict continues  Both Hamas and PLO have hatred for European countries and the U.S. Hatred comes from: 1. Dishonesty of Great Britain after WWI 2. UN granting land to Israel 3. Foreign countries meddling in Middle East 4. U.S. military and financial support of Israel

22. Iran  Once ruled by a shah-ruler  1970’s---Iranians wanted an Islamic theocracy Theocracy: gov’t ruled through religion  shah did not truly represent the Islamic religion  1979-people of Iran revolted  shah left Iran for United States  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set up new Islamic gov’t—became the Republic of Iran

23. Changes Made by Ayatollah Khomeini Harsh punishments for anyone who spoke out against the gov’t (1) Had to abide by Islamic dress code, especially women-had to be covered (2) No Western influences (3)  Examples: No American movies/music/clothing/ne ws

26. Iran Hostage Crisis  Nov. 1979  Iranian university students took 66 people hostage @ U.S. embassy in Tehran  Hostages held 444 days  tried rescue attempt October 1980 Rescue attempt failed killing 8 U.S. military men  some of the reason why Jimmy Carter not reelected  Hostages finally released Jan 1981 the day Ronald Reagan took oath of office

27. Iraq vs Iran  1980-Iraq & Iran start the 8 Year War  Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, fought Iran over a border dispute (Strait of Hormuz)  Iraq was supplied with weapons by the U.S.  Iran got weapons from the former communist Soviet Union  The U.S. also secretly sold weapons to Iran  War ended in a truce

28. Hussein vs. the U.S.  Former leader---Saddam Hussein-came to power in 1979  1990—Hussein attacks Kuwait b/c of its large oil supply  US comes to Kuwait’s aid---beginning of Desert Storm Conflict/First Gulf War  1991-US liberates Kuwait from Iraq Hussein remains in power  United Nations places embargo or severe restriction on trade w/ other countries on Iraq

30. Hussein vs U.S. continued  Embargo was to force Hussein to give up chemical/nuclear weapons  2002---United Nations inspectors look for chemical weapons in Iraq  March 2003-US invades Iraq—beginning of 2 nd War in the Gulf  Hussein captured in 2003, tried/executed in 2006