1. Midterm Review 28-29/05/2015 Domenico CAIAZZA ESR2.1, WP2

2. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Background  Bachelor’s degree in computer science engineering, University of Sannio  Thesis title: Control techniques for miniatures UAVs* (* Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)  Master’s degree cum laude in automation engineering, both at University of Sannio  Thesis title: Measuring the longitudinal profile of magnetic fields by vibrating wires  Technical student at CERN for the thesis related project  Artistic background  Solfeggio and music theory diploma  5 th year piano diploma, conservatory of music “Nicola Sala” (Benevento)

3. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 ESR2.1, WP2 / Magnetic measurement s  Contract start date: 1 st February 2014  PACMAN subject:  PhD title: Stretched-wire systems for the magnetic measurement of small-aperture magnets  PhD Institution: University of Sannio  Secondment: Sigmaphi, Metrolab CERN SupervisorsProf. Stephan RUSSENSCHUCK Academic supervisorsProf. Pasquale ARPAIA Industry supervisorMarie-julie LERAY, Philip KELLER, Jacques TINEMBART

4. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 PhD thesis  Title Stretched-wire systems for the magnetic measurement of small-aperture magnets  Start of date 1 st June 2014  Credits required / Already obtained 24/?

5. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 State of the art / Wire-based transducers A single stretched wire Magnetic measurements field strength and direction field harmonics magnetic axis longitudinal field profile Φ0.1 mm conducting wire (Cu-Be alloy)

6. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 State of the art / Literature review 1 J. Di Marco et al., “MTF Single Stretched Wire System”. Tech. Man., MTF-96-0001, 1996. 2 G. Le Bec et al., “Stretched wire measurement of multipole accelerator magnets”. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, 2012. 3 P. Arpaia et al., “Measuring field multipoles in accelerator magnets with small-apertures by an oscillating wire moved on a circular trajectory”. JINST, Journal of Instrumentation, 2012.  Measurement of integrated magnetic field strength  The single stretched wire method as absolute reference for the LHC magnets (precision in the order of 10 -5 ) [ 1 ]  Measurement of magnetic field quality  Single stretched wire for high gradients ( ̴13 Tm/m), large apertures ( ̴70 mm): precision of 5· 10 -5 [ 2 ]  Oscillating wire for low gradients ( ̴2 Tm/m), small apertures ( ̴20 mm): repeatability within 4· 10 -5, 5· 10 -5 max difference with respect to rotating coil measurement [ 3 ]

7. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 State of the art /  Localization of magnetic field axis  Single stretched wire: 5 μm uncertainty for LHC quadrupoles (215 T/m gradient) [ 4 ]  Vibrating wire technique:  10 μm repeatability on 12 T/m gradient, 67 mm aperture quadrupole [ 5 ]  Repeatability better than 1 μm with Phase Locked Loop and 2 T/m gradient [ 6 ] Literature review 4 J. Di Marco et al., “Field alignment of quadrupole magnets for the LHC interaction Regions”. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2000. 5 A. B. Temnykh, “The use of vibrating wire technique for precise positioning of CESR Phase III super-conducting quadrupoles at room temperature, Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, 2001. 6 C. Wouters et al., “Vibrating wire technique and phase lock loop for finding the magnetic axis of quadrupoles”. Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions, 2012.

8. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Research gap /  Comparison on the same magnet and compatibility of single stretched wire and vibrating wire magnetic axes  Vibrating wire for measuring field strength  Compensation of non uniform background fields  Inclusion of nonlinear effects, polarized motion, resonance instability  Uncertainty analysis / optimal measurement condition  Axis transfer to the magnet frame Wire-based magnetic measurements

9. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Place in PACMAN WP4 Beam Instrumentation M. Wendt WP3 Precision mech. & stabilization M. Modena WP2 Magnetic Measurements S. Russenschuck WP1 Metrology & Alignment H. Mainaud Durand Domenico Claude Solomon Vasileios Giordana Iordan Peter David Silvia Natalia “Stretched-wire systems for the magnetic measurement of small-aperture magnets”

10. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project /  Development of a magnetic measurement system based on the vibrating wire field- measuring method for small aperture magnets  Performance improvement/refinement of the current state-of-the-art CERN wire systems  Integration in a common bench for the simultaneous alignment of main quadrupole and BPM Objectives  Preparation of the system for industrialization

11. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Method followed Literature review Metrological characterization of the existing, state-of-the-art, CERN wire-based measurement system Theoretical Investigation of nonlinear effects Validation of assumptions Individuation of lacks/limitations Magnetic measurements: magnetic axis, field quality, field strength Comparison of different methods, define optimal measurement conditions, try new solutions Technical Wire vibration sensors Mechanical stability (tension, environment) Improvement/refinement of techniques PACMAN bench design & validation Start

12. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Tasks description Specific tasks Magnetic axis Comparison of different methods  Single stretched wire vs vibrating wire Correction of effects from non homogeneous background fields Performance evaluation on CLIC MBQ at low gradient Transfer of magnetic axis to magnet frame Extension of mathematical model (nonlinearities, coupled motion) Comparison of different wire vibration sensors (phototransistors, fiber optics, CCD) Uncertainty analysis / optimal measurement configuration General tasks

13. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Tasks description Specific tasks Magnetic field quality Comparison of different methods  Single stretched wire vs vibrating wire Uncertainty analysis / optimal measurement configuration Measurement of oscillation profile by array of optical sensors Magnetic field strength Calibration of the vibrating wire by opposition method Hardware & software setup Validation campaign Inter-comparison with PCB rotating coils General tasks

14. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Background Metrological reference for integrated field strength, direction and magnetic axis of LHC magnets Magnetic flux measurement J. Di Marco et al., “Field alignment of quadrupole magnets for the LHC interaction Regions”. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2000. Single stretched-wire method R

15. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Background Plucked string Feeding the wire by alternating current (Lorentz Force) Wire in magnetic field Measure wire motion amplitude X and Y components Relate motion to magnetic field properties A. Temnykh. “Vibrating wire field-measuring technique”. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 1997. Vibrating-wire method

16. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Background  Linearity  Plane motion  Uniform and constant tension  Small deflections  Constant length  Uniform mass distribution Assumptions and mathematical model

17. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Background Working frequencies for max sensitivity Resonances Driving current frequency tuning Measurement system design

18. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015  No magnet on the measurement station Background fields – 2% alteration of first harmonic Elliptically polarized trajectory – in resonance condition Predicted in: J. A. Elliott. “Intrinsic nonlinear effects in vibrating strings”, American Journal of Physics, 1989 Project / Experimental characterization Background field & elliptic motion

19. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015  Around resonance  Non-constant oscillation amplitude!!!  Effect depending on the excitation frequency: minimal in resonance condition (5%) Possible reasons Non constant length and/or tension Non ideal clamping (friction on the supports) Excluded: coupling with ground vibrations Project / Experimental characterization Resonance instability

20. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Overtone amplitude from 2% to 7% of the main tone – Depending on system configuration Overtones not contained in the current excitation signal Nonlinearity! Project / Experimental characterization overtones main tone Nonlinearity and overtones

21. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Comparison of SW and VW for measuring magnetic center Results  Precision  Compatibility  30 times better for the vibrating wire (3-4 μm)  Sensitivity  Vibrating wire is suitable at low integral gradient (< 0.2 T)  Background fields  Stretched wire not sensitive  Compensation needed for vibrating wire Method 1: stretched-wire center x 0 [mm]  x  [mm] y 0 [mm]  y [mm] -0.2700.1360.1230.098 x 0 [mm]  x  [mm] y 0 [mm]  y  [mm] -0.2720.0030.0860.004 Method 2: vibrating-wire center Center offset stretched wire vibrating wire

22. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Developed a correction procedure for background field effects Suitable for strength adjustable magnets For non homogeneous field distributions Avoiding magnet rotation actual center Measuring at different magnet currents apparent center external field magnet gradient Fitting to the model Background field correction

23. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Magnetic axis measurement + fiducial markers localization In collaboration with EN-MEF-SU (Large Scale Metrology Section) Both center and tilt were measured by the vibrating wire Axis determination with 3 μm horizontal and 4 μm vertical precision Magnetic center as a function of the magnet current CLIC DBQ (12 T integrated gradient) on the fiducialization bench with vibrating wire system M. Duquenne et al., “Determination of the magnetic axis of a CLIC drive beam quadrupole with respect to external alignment targets using a combination of wps, cmm and laser tracker measurements”. Proceedings of IPAC2014, Dresden, 2014. Axis localization of a CLIC Drive Beam quadrupole

24. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Uncertainty analysis Design of experiments (Taguchi) Performance Repeatability (σ) Sensitivity (s) VW system Configuration parameters L/L m, T, δ, WP, f exc S w, ϑ s Noise parameters Experiment#L/L m T [g]δ [V]WP [V]s w [m/s]Δf exc [Hz]ϑsϑs 15.36000.15.70.300 25.39000.76.10.15-0.5-5 35.311001.56.50.7-10 410.146000.16.10.15-10 510.149000.76.50.700 610.1411001.55.70.3-0.5-5 720.46000.75.70.7-0.5-10 820.49001.56.10.30 …………………… Choice of parameters and range Definition of performance characteristic Planning of experiments Analysis A linear model to relate the performance to the parameters performance mean parameter effect model uncertainty

25. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Preliminary results for vibrating wire pValue L/L m 0.372990 T0.242860 δ0.008936 WP0.304020 swsw 0.924160 Δf exc 0.635730 ϑsϑs 0.339430 ANOVA results Results on measurement of magnetic center by the vibrating wire Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Testing for differences between means of the performance due to parameters’ effect Significant effect of the wire vibration amplitude - regulated by wire current supply Next step: finding the optimal configuration Project / Results Fitting to regression model

26. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Optical sensors for measuring wire vibration Phototransistors cheap very sensitive Fiber optics immune to magnetic field CMOS sensors linear wide range (6mm) Need piezo-stages to hold the working point

27. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Phototransistors Fiber optics units Project / Results Characterization Range: ̴50 μm Sensitivity: 28.4 V/mm Range: ̴40 μm Sensitivity: 26.1 V/mm

28. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Opposition method for the vibrating wire In collaboration with A. B. Temnykh, Cornell University Wire position integral field [r. u.] dipole current [A] Opposition method  use a reference dipole to compensate wire vibrations Repeatability of dipole current measurement within 1·10 -4 Applications: magnet quality and strength Drawback: transfer function of the reference dipole not linear and must be known accurately Possible solutions: air-coils measured quadrupole reference dipole

29. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Training /  Metrology training (2 days at CERN)  Main topics: introduction on history of metrology, definition of measurement uncertainties, description of geometric tolerances, interpretation of mechanical drawings, basic concepts of measurement science (precision, accuracy …)  AXEL course – Introduction to particle accelerators (5 days at CERN)  Main topics: beam transverse dynamics, magnets and their configuration, resonances, longitudinal motion, synchrotron radiation, transfer lines, injection and ejection, longitudinal and transverse beam instabilities  PhD School – Seminario di Eccellenza “Italo Gorini” on “Measurements and devices for the innovation and the technological transfer”, Lecce (Italy), 1-5 September 2014  Seminars concerning last theoretical developments of measurement science and on some of the forefront technologies for the realization of measurement devices for industry and society. Network-wide activities

30. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015  Secondment in SIGMAPHI (2 months, Vannes)  Training on use of digital integrators devices for magnetic measurements  Setup of a measurement bench with search coil fluxmeter for a curved dipole magnet for the FAIR project  Measurement campaign by Metrolab PDI 5025 and the Metrolab FDI 2056 integrators Training / Local training activities FAIR HESR dipole in Sigmaphi Metrolab FDI 2056

31. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015  Team building (1 day at CERN)  Discussions on major aspects concerning working in a team and on practical tasks to strengthen team spirit  Making presentations (3 days)  Design a presentation, improving non-verbal language (voice, body, distance), design of visual aids, development of a personal style Training / Transferable skills

32. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Conferences & workshops:  “22th IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and 18th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing Research on Electric and Electronic Measurement for the Economic Upturn”  Talk on vibrating wire method for longitudinal field profiles measurement with introduction on PACMAN project.  1 st PACMAN Workshop  Talk on wire methods for measuring magnetic axes and lab visit. Outreach & Dissemination Others:  Popscience – European Researchers’ night 2014  Presentation of PACMAN ITN to general public at FNAC in Geneva, 26 September 2014.  JUAS 2015 – Joint Universities Accelerator School  Preparation of magnetic measurement exercises and demonstration for the practical days at CERN of the JUAS students in the magnetic measurement laboratory. 26 and 27 February 2015.  Teaching activity  2 weeks at University of Sannio giving lectures on measurement and instrumentation basics and practical exercises in the laboratory. 7-11 Apirl 2014, 20-24 Apirl 2015.

33. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Networking Opportunities ESR 2.1 Academic partner Industrial partner For measurements done in Sigmaphi Magnetic measurement section A. B. Temnykh J. Di Marco

34. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Impact  Because of  the quality of the technical and personal training  networking opportunity with scientific and industrial communities  facing with public  working in forefront research institute as CERN  I expect to be ready to work as a researcher in the European industry  And to contribute to community’s growth

35. Midterm Review 28-29/05/2015 Thank you for your attention

36. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 SPARES

37. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 P. Arpaia, M. Buzio, J. G. Perez, C. Petrone, S. Russenschuck, L. Walckiers. “Measuring field multipoles in accelerator magnets with small-apertures by an oscillating wire moved on a circular trajectory”, JINST - Journal of Instrumentation, 2012 Sensors: phototransistor Sharp GP1S094HCZ0F Current generator: Keithley 6351 Common marble support for magnets and stages

38. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Measurement method Measure the frequency response – Vibration amplitude and phase Calculate the longitudinal field profile (by inverse Fourier transform) Natural vibration modes Fit with the mathematical model – Longitudinal field coefficients

39. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Reconstruction error 3% of the field peak Repeatability 2% – RMS difference Bandwidth limitation Uncertainty sources

40. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Preliminary results Estimate δ k SEtStatpValue (Intercept)-0.104790.17082-0.613490.55325 L/L m -0.00130.001394-0.93260.37299 T-5.30E-054.27E-05-1.24120.24286 δ0.049520.0153053.23560.008936 WP0.0291180.0268741.08350.30402 swsw -0.003690.03781-0.097630.92416 Δf exc 0.0105020.02150.488490.63573 ϑsϑs 0.0021570.002151.00320.33943 SumSqDFMeanSqFpValue L/L m 0.0012061 0.869750.37299 T0.0021361 1.54060.24286 δ0.0145171 10.4690.008936 WP0.0016281 1.1740.30402 swsw 1.32E-051 0.0095320.92416 Δf exc 0.0003311 0.238630.63573 ϑsϑs 0.0013961 1.00640.33943 Error0.013867100.001387 ANOVA table Results on measurement of magnetic center by the vibrating wire Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Testing for differences between means of the performance due to parameters effect Significant effect of the wire vibration amplitude! (regulated by wire current supply) Next step: finding the optimal configuration Project / Results Fitting to regression model

41. Domenico CAIAZZA, ESR2.1 PACMAN Mid-term review 28-29/05/2015 Project / Results Solution 1: displace the quadrupole at L/4 A B Z. Wolf. “A Vibrating Wire System For Quadrupole Fiducialization ”, Tech. rep. LCLS-TN-05-1. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA, 2005 A B Works if there is not a constant dipole in the magnet (not depending on I m ) Background field compensation  Solution 2: measure at different gradients