1. 1 The Next Generation GOES Instruments: Status and Recommendations From the GOES Users’ Conference James J. Gurka Timothy J. Schmit NOAA/NESDIS

2. 2 GOES Users’ Conference –May 22 – 25, 2001 –Boulder, CO: NIST Auditorium –Approximately 200 participants u Government u Commercial interests u Academia u Scientific organizations u International

3. 3 GOES Users’ Conference –Goals: u Inform users of future capabilities and applications u Determine user needs for: –New products –Distribution of GOES data –Data archiving and access to stored data –Instruments of opportunity –Access to sample data sets (prior to launch of next series) –Future training u Assess user and societal benefits u Improve communication between NESDIS and users

4. 4 Proposed Instruments: –Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) u 12 channel large focal plane array –Advanced Baseline Sounder u Michelson Interferometer with ~ 1500 bands

5. 5 ABI –12 channel large focal plane array u.5 km VIS resolution u 2 km IR resolution u 15 minute full disk coverage u 5 minute CONUS coverage u 1000 x 1000 km coverage/30 sec

6. 6 ABI Channel Selection: –11.2  : clouds, low level water vapor, fog, winds; –0.64  : daytime clouds, fog, aerosol, vegetation –6.15  : upper tropospheric flow, winds –3.90  : nighttime low clouds, fog, fire detection –12.3  : low level water vapor, volcanic ash –13.3  : cloud top parameters, heights for winds –7.00  : mid-tropospheric flow, winds –1.61  : daytime clouds/snow, water/ice clouds –8.50  : sulfuric acid aerosols, cloud phase, sfc –10.35  : cloud particle size, sfc properties –0.86  : daytime clouds, fog, aerosols, NDVI –1.375  : daytime thin cirrus detection

7. 7 ABI spatial coverage rate versus the current GOES Imager ABI coverage in 5 minutesGOES coverage in 5 minutes The anticipated schedule for ABI will be full disk images every 15 minutes plus CONUS images every 5 minutes.

8. 8 19 January 2001, 1720 UTC MODIS 0.5 km GOES-8 1 km MODIS 0.25 km MODIS 1 km Lake Effect Snow Bands: Visible GOES shows less contrast partly due to not being calibrated.

9. 9 Severe convection: IR windows 25 February 2001 The simulated ABI clearly captures the over-shooting (cold) cloud tops, while the current GOES Imager does not. Images shown in GOES projection. MODIS (1 km) ABI (2 km) GOES-8 (4 km)

10. 10 Hurricane Alberto IR -Window 19 August 2000, 1415 UTC ABIGOES-8

11. 11 UW/CIMSS Simulated Imager (11-12 μm) Simulated ABI (11-12 μm) Simulated ABI (8.5-11 μm) One day after the eruption 20 February 2001, 0845 UTC Volcanic Ash Plume: 11-12 and 8.5-11 μm images

12. 12 Water/Ice Clouds and Snow/Lake Ice ABI Simulations (from MODIS data) 3-color composite (Visible/1.6 μm/8.5-11 μm) 12 February 2001; 1627 UTC UW/CIMSS Vis/1.6um/8.5-11um Water cloud Ice cloud Lake Ice Snow Super-Cooled cloud UW/CIMSS

13. 13 GOES-10 and ABI Simulations of Viejas Fire Smoke Plume (Using MODIS Data) MODIS (0.5 km) - GOES-ABI: visible 3 January 2001, 1900 UTC GOES-10 (1.0 km): visible 3 January 2001, 1900 UTC

14. 14 01 September 2000-- Pre-burning MODIS Detects Burn Scars in Louisiana CIMSS, UW Burn Scars Scars (dark regions) caused by biomass burning in early September are evident in MODIS 250 m NIR channel 2 (0.85 μm) imagery on the 17 th. MODIS Data from GSFC DAAC 17 September 2000-- Post-burning

15. 15

16. 16 Simulated ABI Mountain Waves in WV channel (6.7 um) 7 April 2000, 1815 UTC Actual GOES-8 Mountain waves over Colorado and New Mexico were induced by strong northwesterly flow associated with a pair of upper-tropospheric jet streaks moving across the elevated terrain of the southern and central Rocky Mountains. The mountain waves appear more well-defined over Colorado; in fact, several aircraft reported moderate to severe turbulence over that region. UW/CIMSS Both images are shown in GOES projection.

17. 17 GOES Visible Loop at 1 minute Intervals ä July 24, 2000 severe weather outbreak across South Dakota and Nebraska produces hail, tornadoes, flash flooding and damaging winds ä One minute interval visible imagery shows storm evolution over 45 minute period. Circle is 100 nmi in diameter. ä Imagery of this type being investigated with Doppler radar data to develop better uses of satellite and radar data for severe storm warnings

18. 18 The Eye of Hurricane Luis at 30, 15, 5 and 1 minute Intervals

19. 19 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Advanced Baseline Imager –At least 12 Imager channels, but recommend additional 2 to 4 channels to meet requirements of large user cross section –Full disk Imager coverage every 5 minutes

20. 20 ABI Recommended Additional Channels: F High Priority –0.47  : aerosols, haze, slant range visibility; –9.60  : ozone, clear air turbulence detection F Important…but also on ABS –4.57  : precipitable water; –14.2  : improved cloud top heights

21. 21 ABS: –5 times faster than present Sounder; u Scan the region within 62 deg. of satellite zenith/ 1 hr –(but only scan half the region of overlap between the east and west birds) –10 km horizontal resolution –1K, 10% RH accuracy/.5km layer (sfc–500 hp) –1K, 10% RH accuracy/ 1-2 km layer (500-300 hp) –1K, 20% RH accuracy/1-2 km layer (300-100 hp)

22. 22 ABS: Coverage

23. Geo-Interferometer Nears Raob-like Depiction of Atmosphere while Providing an Order of Magnitude Increase in Temporal Resolution over Land and Water RAOB (USA) - over land - 1.5 hour ascent - 300 km separation - 12 Z and 00Z only Geo Interferometer (USA) - land and coastal waters - instantaneous obs - 10 km separation - hourly repeat

24. Improvements in Retrievals Expected with Interferometers Temperature errors less than 1 degree are needed and are only available from high spectral interferometers

25. Detection of Temperature Inversions Possible with Interferometer Capability Spikes down - Cooling with height Spikes up - Heating with height The detection of inversions is critical for severe weather forecasting. Combined with improved low-level moisture information, the nocturnal jet can be monitored. This moisture transport is critical for nighttime severe storms development over the Plains. Texas Ontario Brightness Temperature(K) (low-level inversion) (No inversion)

26. 26 Time series of low-level vertical moisture structure during 9 hours prior to Oklahoma/Kansas tornadoes on 3 May 1999 Truth> GIFTS> Note GIFTS retains strong vertical gradients for monitoring convective instability Current GOES> GIFTS traces moisture peaks and gradients with greatly reduced errors

27. 27 Time series of low-level vertical temperature structure during 9 hours prior to Oklahoma/Kansas tornadoes on 3 May 1999 Truth> GIFTS> Note GIFTS improves depiction of boundary layer heating and surface inversion Current GOES> GIFTS traces evolution of 800 hPa inversion with 60-80% error reduction

28. 28 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Advanced Baseline Sounder –4 km footprint needed for Sounder –Rapid Scan option needed for Sounder –Soundings needed in cloudy areas u Soundings above cloud deck u Supplement soundings with microwave from polar or u Microwave soundings from Geo orbit

29. 29 Summary: Benefits of ABI & ABS: –Improved multi-spectral observation u Improved observation of water vapor u Improved cloud phase and droplet size information u Improved satellite derived winds u Improved observation of large scale flow u Improved SST observation u Improved depiction of stability u Improved surface emissivity u Improved QPE u Improved mesoscale model performance

30. 30 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Suggested New Products… Partial List: –Atmospheric aerosols; –Cloud phase; –Cloud particle size; –Cloud optical depth; –Cloud emissivity; –Cloud layers; –Surface properties; –Moisture flux;

31. 31 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Instrument of Opportunity –Lightning Mapper; –Coastal Zone Remote Sensing Instrument; –Microwave Sounder; –Users recommend NOAA provide baseline funding for spacecraft accommodation costs;

32. 32 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Data & Product Distribution –Different tiers of data access to support wide spectrum of user needs; –Timely with low data rate/ low cost options; –Possible options; u Commercial satellite broadcast; u Direct broadcast from GOES; u Internet; u Dedicated land lines; u User access from central server; u Broadcast subset of data via decommissioned GOES u Optimal combination of above options; –Studies to evaluate options ongoing

33. 33 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Data and Product Archive Needs –Need full spectrum of data from raw data to highly processed products, for applications from the global scale to the mesoscale; u User friendly u Easy remote access u Low cost u Prompt user access u Users need metadata u Browse capability with request submission via Internet

34. 34 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: New Data Integration –Leverage data from relevant instruments on other satellites to better understand ABI and ABS; u Use AIRS and GIFTS to prepare for ABS u Use MODIS to prepare for ABI u Provide correctly formatted sample data sets at least one year prior to launch; u ID requirements for new algorithms by spring, 2002; u Develop algorithms 3 to 5 years prior to launch;

35. 35 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: User Education –Comprehensive education program needed for: u Forecasters; u Emergency managers; u Recreational users; u Academia; u Media; u Industrial users; u Commercial users

36. 36 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: User Education –Methods of education should include: u Conferences and workshops; u Web-based training; u CD-ROM or DVD based training; u Brief segments on the weather channel; u Educational packages designed for Congress, upper level management and business leaders; –Education should be funded as part of the end-to- end GOES Program budget;

37. 37 GOES Users’ Conference Recommendations: Communication with User Community –Two way dialogue should continue between GOES User Community and NESDIS via: u Regular conferences, such as the GOES Users’ Conf. u Working groups to deal with specific issues; u Provide a Bulletin Board for information exchange; u Informational special sessions at end user conferences; u Provide information via e-mail; u Make an expert team available to all users and instrument developers;

38. 38 2 nd GOES Users’ Conference –Oct. 1 – 3, 2002 –Boulder, CO: NIST Auditorium –Anticipate 200 - 300 participants u Government u Commercial interests u Academia u Scientific organizations u International

39. 39 GOES Users’ Conference –For information on the 2 nd GOES User Conference: u http://www.osd.noaa.gov u (see information on front page) –See GOES User Conference Bulletin Board for input and questions from users: u http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/feedback/asp –See ftp site for Power Point Presentations from 1 st Conference: u ftp://www.osd.noaa.gov (select “GOES User Directory)