1. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7 CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS

2. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 INTRODUCTION The value of classifying climates –Systematic climate comparison –Relationships with other physical components –Geographical perspectives

3. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 THE KŐPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Background to development Methodology (Table 7.1) –Broad classification structure –Role of temperature –Role of precipitation –Sub-categories –Global distributions (Figure 7.1)

4. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 A CLIMATES Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics Af climates Aw climates Am climates What happens when the rain stops? Location in Australia

5. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 THE AUSTRALIAN MONSOON Variations by season The role of the ITCZ on development The heat lows Variations during summer activity

6. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 B CLIMATES Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics BS climates BW climates Reasons for distribution in Australia

7. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 C CLIMATES Classification sub-categories Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics Cf climates Cs climates (Mediterranean) Cw climates Reasons for distribution in Australia

8. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 D CLIMATES Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics Importance of large continents Df climates Dw climates

9. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 E CLIMATES (POLAR SNOW AND ICE) Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics Antarctica the last frontier

10. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 H CLIMATES (HIGHLAND) Geographic distribution Temperature and moisture characteristics Importance of altitude Distribution in Australia Summary of Australian climates Australian climate extremes

11. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 URBAN CLIMATES Introduction –Inputs to and outputs from cities –Contrasts to rural environments Surface materials Structures and shapes Artificial heat Interaction with precipitation Air quality –Formation of photochemical smog in Sydney

12. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 URBAN CLIMATES General alterations in climate The urban heat island –The example of Melbourne Wind flows in cities Impacts on fog and precipitation

13. © Oxford University Press, 2008. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 7 CLIMATE ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON HUMANS Climate and human health Factors that influence body comfort Weather impacts –Weather and violence in Brisbane Defining climate comfort zones –the importance of clothes