1. Unit 2 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology

2. What is ecology? Ecology: study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environmentEcology: study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment

3. Biosphere the portion of the Earth that supports living thingsthe portion of the Earth that supports living things Ex: ocean, forest, atmosphere.Ex: ocean, forest, atmosphere.

4. Abiotic vs. Biotic factors Abiotic = nonliving parts of the environmentAbiotic = nonliving parts of the environment Ex: light, air, temperature, soilEx: light, air, temperature, soil Biotic = living parts of the environmentBiotic = living parts of the environment Ex: bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, animalEx: bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, animal

5. Which is Biotic/Abiotic?

6. Levels of organization In biology, we begin at the chemical level which make up cells…In biology, we begin at the chemical level which make up cells… Which make tissues…Which make tissues… Organs…Organs… Systems…Systems… And finally, the individual organismAnd finally, the individual organism

7. Levels of organization from smallest to largest in an Ecosystem. OrganismsOrganisms IndividualIndividual PopulationPopulation CommunityCommunity EcosystemEcosystem BiosphereBiosphere

8. Levels of organization In Ecology, we begin with the individual and move through the levels to the planet, EarthIn Ecology, we begin with the individual and move through the levels to the planet, Earth

9. Individual made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and developsmade of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

10. Population group of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same timegroup of organisms all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time

11. Community interacting populations in a certain area at a certain timeinteracting populations in a certain area at a certain time

12. Ecosystem interacting communities and abiotic factorsinteracting communities and abiotic factors

13. Habitat vs. Niche Habitat: place where organism livesHabitat: place where organism lives Niche: role or position a species has in its environmentNiche: role or position a species has in its environment

14. End of What is Ecology Notes? Now let’s do some practice!!!Now let’s do some practice!!!

15. Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Notes Du (2)

16. Ecology and the flow of energy and matter By the end of this portion of the notes you should be able to describe how matter and energy flow through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs and ecological pyramidsBy the end of this portion of the notes you should be able to describe how matter and energy flow through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids

17. How organisms obtain energy Autotroph (producer): photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, makes own foodAutotroph (producer): photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, makes own food Heterotroph (consumer): “eat” other organisms, cannot make own foodHeterotroph (consumer): “eat” other organisms, cannot make own food Decomposer: breaks down dead or decaying organisms, recycles matterDecomposer: breaks down dead or decaying organisms, recycles matter

18. Autotroph

19. The sugar produced by autotrophs (through photosynthesis) can then be used by heterotrophs for energy

20. Heterotrophs - scavengers Scavengers: feed off of dead or decaying living things but do not recycle matter back into the ecosystemScavengers: feed off of dead or decaying living things but do not recycle matter back into the ecosystem

21. Heterotrophs - herbivores consume only vegetative matterconsume only vegetative matter mostly primary consumers.mostly primary consumers.

22. Heterotrophs - carnivores obtain energy from eating other consumersobtain energy from eating other consumers Secondary and tertiary consumersSecondary and tertiary consumers

23. Decomposers Typical examples: fungus and bacteria Bacteria and fungi break down living matter and help release nutrients. Decomposers are found at every level of the food chain. They are nature’s recyclers.

24. Autotrophs First-order heterotrophs Third-order heterotrophs Second-order heterotrophs Decomposers

25. How Energy Flows From producer (autotroph) to consumer (heterotroph)From producer (autotroph) to consumer (heterotroph) AUTOTROPH Water + CO2  Sugar + O2 HETEROTROPH Sugar + O2  water + CO2

26. Food chain Series of steps in which organisms transferenergy by eating and being eatenSeries of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten The arrows show the direction energy flows.The arrows show the direction energy flows. Trophic levels: feeding step berries → mice → black bear

27. Food web shows interactions between organisms (all possible routes)shows interactions between organisms (all possible routes)

28. Energy pyramid Shows how much energy is available at eachShows how much energy is available at each trophic (energy) level. Only 10% of the available energy is transferred up to the next trophic level. The rest is released as heatOnly 10% of the available energy is transferred up to the next trophic level. The rest is released as heat Pyramid of Energy Heat 0.1% Consumers 1% Consumers 10% Consumers Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at each level.

29. Pyramid of Numbers Each level represents the number of organisms consumed by the level above it.Each level represents the number of organisms consumed by the level above it.

30. End of Lecture 2 Now lets practice!!

31. Ecology Notes 3 Cycles

32. Two cycles in nature Carbon cycleCarbon cycle Nitrogen cycleNitrogen cycle

33. Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle driven by photosynthesis & respirationdriven by photosynthesis & respiration recycles carbon, a primary component of all organic compoundsrecycles carbon, a primary component of all organic compounds CO 2 in Atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean

35. Carbon cycle

36. Nitrogen Cycle driven by decomposition of nitrifying bacteria and fungidriven by decomposition of nitrifying bacteria and fungi atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to a usable form (by plants)atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to a usable form (by plants) N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 – and NO 2 –

38. Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen cycle

39. Now let’s Practice Time to Draw some cycles.