1. 912 : Divya.Kudalkar 930 : Sneha.Rao 961 : Riti. Gadagkar 964 : Soumya.Duddagi K.L.E. Society’s B.V.B College of Engineering & Technology Vidyanagar, Hubli – 31. Under the guidance of Prof. Ramachandra L.

2. Step 1: Problem Definition Need Statement:  For the ease of turning.  To reduce the strain on the axle components caused while turning.  To overcome the slipping of tyres.

3.  It should be light in weight  It should be a low cost technology  It should occupy less space  Less power consumption  Of moderate size so that it doesn’t affect the seating space in the automobile. Design Criteria Set:

4. A differential is a device usually but not necessarily employing gears capable of transmitting torque and rotation through three shafts almost always used in one of two ways- in one way it receives one input and provides two outputs, this is found in most automobiles- and in the other way it combines two inputs to create an output that is sum, difference or average of the inputs. In automobiles and other wheeled vehicles, the differential allows each of the driving road wheels to rotate at different speeds. Step 2: Collect Pertinent Information

5. Step 3: Generate Multiple Solutions  A spool (or shaft) can be used to lock the wheels and run them at the same speed.  A combination of gears can be used to make the wheels to rotate at different speeds.  Fixing individual gears to each wheel so as to maintain different speed level  Gear box mechanism can be used for each of the rear wheels which is inturn connected to a shaft

6. Spool 1. The wheels would have to be locked together, forced to spin at the same speed. This would make turning difficult and causes under steer. 2.During turning, one tire would have to slip. The force is required to make a tire slip causes heavy strain on the axle components. Step 4 :Analyse and select a solution

7. A combination of gears This device has the capacity to split the engine torque into two ways, allowing each output to spin at different speeds. It prevents the unpredictable handling, damage to tyres and strain on the entire automobile and also prevents slipping of tyres. Individual gears It may not best suit the automobiles as it is highly expensive, it consumes more power and it is too difficult to simultaneously control all the gears. Contd...

8. Pointer Mechanism Individual gear box are fitted to each wheel which in turn is connected to a shaft that helps in shifting gears while in case of curve paths.. But the one disadvantage is that it may not shift properly and there may not be proper interlocking and alignment of gears during running. Contd…

9. By analysing the above design solutions, the combination of gears is superior over the other solutions. It transmits the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds (This is the one that earned the Differential its name.) Step 5: Selection and implementation of solution

10. The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two ways, allowing each output to spin at a different speed. DIFFERENTIAL

11. 1.OPEN DIFFERENTIAL 2.LIMITED SLIP DIFFERENTIAL 3.LOCKING DIFFERENTIAL TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL

12. Construction

13. 1.Side gears are mounted on the axle shafts. 2.Pinion gears are mounted on the ring gear. 3.Pinion gears are always in contact with the side gears. 4.Input pinion gear rotates the ring gear. Construction

14. STRAIGHT PATH : - The input pinion turns the ring gear and cage, and none of the pinions within the cage are rotating both side gears are effectively locked to the cage. CURVED PATH : -The side gears mounted on the axle shafts rotate at different speeds, accounting for the different velocities of the inner and outer wheels. Working Principle

16. CriteriaWeight (%) Design1 Spool Design2 Combinati on of gears Design3 Individual gears Design4 Pointer mechanism Efficiency R X Weight 254 100 10 250 8 200 7 175 Safety R X Weight 207 140 10 200 7 140 6 120 Durability R X Weight 106 60 9 90 7 70 6 60 Maintenance R X Weight 158 120 9 135 6 90 7 105 Cost R X Weight 159 135 8 120 4 60 7 105 Less Power consumption R X Weight 159 135 9 135 4 60 6 90 Total 100690930620655 DECISION MATRIX