1. Chara Charalambous CDA College 1 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Week 5 : Lecture INVENTORIES

2. Chara Charalambous CDA College 2 Lecture learning objectives Valuation of inventory How companies keep record of their inventory Methods of calculating cost of inventory

3. Chara Charalambous CDA College 3 In order to be able to prepare a set of financial statements, inventory must be accounted for at the end of the period. Opening inventory must be included in cost of sales as these goods are available for sale along with purchases during the year. Closing inventory must be deducted from cost of sales as these goods are held at the period end and have not been sold. In some countries inventory is referred to as ‘stock’.

4. Chara Charalambous CDA College 4 How companies keep record of their inventory? Perpetual inventory system Periodic inventory system

5. Perpetual Inventory Systems  Company knows the cost of sales and ending inventory figure from their books  Advantages: 1.There is better information for inventory control 2.Less work needed to calculate inventory at the end of the accounting period. Inventory records are updated after each purchase or sale – ‘continuous basis throughout the year; 5Chara Charalambous CDA College

6. Periodic Inventory Systems  Advantages: 1.They are cheaper in most situations that the costs of maintaining continuous inventory records 2.Even if there is a continuous inventory record, there will still be a need to check the accuracy of the information recorded by having a physical check of some of the inventory lines.  Disadvantages: Reduces record keeping but also decreases the ability to track theft, break, etc., and prepare acting financial statements Inventory records are updated periodically based on physical inventory counts 6Chara Charalambous CDA College

7. 7 MethodKey Points FIFO (First in first out): for costing purposes, the first items of inventory received are assumed to be the first ones sold. The cost of closing inventory is the cost of the younger inventory. LIFO (Last in first out): for costing purposes, the last items of inventory received are assumed to be the first ones sold. The cost of closing inventory is the cost of the older inventory. AVCO (Average Cost): The cost of an item of inventory is calculated by taking the average of all inventory held. The average cost can be calculated periodically or continuously.

8. Chara Charalambous CDA College 8 Example 1: Periodic System. Sam started her business on 1st Jan and provides details of the following transactions : Purchases (1) Jan: 5 units at € 4 / unit (2) Jan: 5 units at € 5 / unit (3) Jan: 5 units at € 5.50 / unit Sales She then sold 7 units for € 10 per unit in 29 th of January Calculate the value of closing stock at the end of the month using the FIFO,LIFO,AVCO method under the periodic system. Also prepare the trading a/c for this month.

9. Chara Charalambous CDA College 9 Estimating Inventory Cost

10. Chara Charalambous CDA College 10 Solution: FIFO: Closing stock 3 units* 5 = 15 5 units*5.50=27.50 TOTAL €42.50 LIFO: Closing stock 3 units* 5 = 15 5 units*4 = 20 TOTAL € 35 AVCO: 5*4 + 5*5 + 5*5.50 = 4.83 15 Closing stock 8*4.83 = 38.67

11. 11 Trading a/c FIFO Sales (7*10) 70 Less: COS Purchases ( 5*4+5*5+5*5.50) 72.50 Closing Stock (42.50) (30) GROSS PROFIT 40 LIFO Sales (7*10) 70 Less: COS Purchases ( 5*4+5*5+5*5.50) 72.50 Closing Stock (35) (37.50) GROSS PROFIT 32.50 AVCO Sales (7*10) 70 Less: COS Purchases ( 5*4+5*5+5*5.50) 72.50 Closing Stock (38.67) (31.33) GROSS PROFIT 38.67 Chara Charalambous CDA College

12. 12 Example 2: Perpetual System. Sam started her business on 1st Jan and provides details of the following transactions : Transactions: Purchases and Sales Jan: 5 units purchased at € 4 / unit Jan: 2 Units sold at €10/unit Jan: 5 units purchased at € 5 / unit Jan: 5 units sold at €10/unit Jan: 5 units purchased at € 5.50 / unit Calculate the value of closing stock at the end of the month using the FIFO and LIFO method under the perpetual system.

13. Chara Charalambous CDA College 13 Solution: FIFO: Closing stock 3 units* 5 = 15 5 units*5.50=27.50 TOTAL €42.50 LIFO: Closing stock 3 units* 4 = 12 5 units*5.50 = 27.50 TOTAL € 39.50

14. One important characteristic of FIFO should be noted here. Under both periodic and perpetual FIFO, ending inventory is the same and cost of goods sold is the same. The reported numbers are identical. The first cost for the period is always the first cost regardless of when the assignment to expense is made. Thus, the resulting amounts are the same when using either FIFO system. Chara Charalambous CDA College 14

15. Chara Charalambous CDA College 15 Comparison of Costing Methods X X X X X Weighted AverageFIFO LIFO In periods of rising prices: Highest cost of goods sold? Lowest cost of goods sold? Highest gross profit? Lowest net income? Lowest income taxes? LO7

16. Chara Charalambous CDA College 16 In general, companies can use one accounting method for financial reporting purpose and use a different method for tax purpose. Accounting choice should be made based on which method produces most useful information.

17. Chara Charalambous CDA College 17 Example 3: Periodic System A business commenced (begin) on 1 Jan and purchases are made as follows: Month No of Units Unit Price Value € € Jan 380 2 760 Feb 400 2.5 1000 Mar 350 2.5 875 Apr 420 2.75 1155 May 430 3 1290 Jun 440 3.25 1430 2420 6510 In June 1420 units were sold for € 7000 What is the cost of closing stock and gross profit for the period using the FIFO method under the period system?

18. Chara Charalambous CDA College 18 Solution: Closing Stock: 130*2.75=357.50 430*3=1290 440*3.25=1430 TOTAL 3077.50 Trading a/c Sales 7000 Less: COS Purchases 6510 Closing Sock (3077.5) (3432.50) GROSS PROFIT 3567.50

19. 19 Inventory Costing Methods 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 43% 34% 19% 4% FifoLifoAverageOther APPENDIX Chara Charalambous CDA College

20. 20 Strangely enough, the LIFO method is the preferred inventory valuation method in the United States but is forbidden in non-US countries. The FIFO method and the weighted average cost method are used in non-US countries. In recent years there have been calls for the homogeny of accounting rules throughout the world, and talk specifically about forbidding LIFO in the US (or making the rest of the world follow the LIFO system). As of this writing the matter has not been resolved and the differences in inventory valuation still exist.

21. Chara Charalambous CDA College 21 Inventory is only recorded in the ledger accounts at the end of the accounting period. In the inventory ledger account the opening inventory will be the brought forward balance from the previous period. This must be transferred to the Income Statement ledger account with the following entry: Dr Income Statement (Ledger Account) Cr Inventory (Ledger Account)

22. Chara Charalambous CDA College 22 The closing inventory is entered into the ledger accounts with the following entry: Dr Inventory (Ledger Account) Cr Income Statement (Ledger Account) Once these entries have been completed, the Income Statement ledger account contains both opening and closing inventory and the inventory ledger account shows the closing inventory for the period to be shown in the Statement of Financial Position.

23. Chara Charalambous CDA College 23 General Ledger Inventory a/c B/ce b/d (opening) x I.S:Trading a/c x Trading a/c (closing) xx B/ce c/d xx xxx xxx B/ce b/d xx

24. Chara Charalambous CDA College 24 It is not unusual for a sole trader to take inventory from their business for their own use. This type of transaction is a form of drawings. The correct double entry to account for such drawings is: Dr Drawings - Cost of Inventory taken Cr Cost of Sales – Cost of Inventory taken –The credit entry ensures that the cost of inventory taken is not included as part of the cost of inventory sold in the Income Statement.

25. Chara Charalambous CDA College 25 Summary The Sales account and the purchases account do not include b/ce b/d and b/ce c/d but instead they are cleared out to the trading account – their amounts are transferred to trading a/c and the accounts are closed. Opening inventory is also cleared out in the trading account and closing inventory is entered into the inventory account and the trading account. The balance on the inventory account remains at the end of the period and is listed in the balance sheet under current assets as inventory.

26. Chara Charalambous CDA College 26 Disclosure of inventories They will be analyzed as follows in the balance sheet: Inventories: Raw Materials x Work in progress x Finished goods and goods for resale x x