1. Unit 4:Learning and Cognition
Chapter 8: Thinking and Language

2. Warm-Up Review 10/29
Who was the founder of the Structuralist historical school of psychology?
What hormone does the thyroid gland release?
Which stage of sleep does sleep walking/talking usually occur?

3. What is Thinking? Symbols object or act that stands for something else
words
+ - = / ? { [ ] } ~ ` # $ % ^ & * ( )
it only looks like I am cursing you out
mental images

4. What is Thinking? Concepts Prototypes
grouping together things that have similar characteristics
organized in hierarchies
learned through experience
Prototypes
particular example of a concept

5. Problem Solving Algorithms Heuristics formulas systematic search
a2 + b2 = c2
systematic search
more complex
every possible outcome has to be tested
Heuristics
help find a solution to problems - shortcuts
faster than algorithms but not as reliable

6. Children’s Book Assignment
Choose One of the Components of Language
phonemes, morphemes, syntax, vocabulary,grammar, etc.
Pick an age group
Write 15 pages with at least a sentence on each page
Each page must be illustrated

7. Chapter 8 Vocabulary thinking symbol concept prototype algorithm
heuristic
difference reduction
means-end analysis
incubation effect
mental set
functional fixedness
convergent thinking
overregularization
divergent thinking
reasoning
deductive reasoning
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
anchoring heuristic
framing effect
language
phoneme
syntax
semantics
language acquisition device

8. Warm Up 10/30 How do you usually solve problems in your life?
You are not limited to math problems.

9. Problem Solving Methods
Trial and error
no idea how to reach goal
try as many solutions as possible - hoping one will work
Difference Reduction
minimizing the distance between where we are and our goals
heuristic
making a mess to clean
he+Crevasse

10. Problem Solving Methods
Means-End Analysis
things we do have results
solving each part of a problem could help solve the whole problem
changing things around to get the desired result
Working Backward
figuring out what to do by looking at what result you want

11. Problem Solving Methods
Analogies
looking at problems you have already solved to come up with a solution to the current problem
Archimedes - ancient Greek scientist
overflowing bathtub as a way to solve for volume by the water that is displaced

12. Problem Solving Insight Incubation Effect sudden understanding
no conscious understanding of how a solution came to us
“Aha!” “Eureka!”
Incubation Effect
standing back from a problem while unconscious thoughts continue to work on it
that’s why taking a break from a difficult problem might help

13. Warm Up 11/4
What is the area of your retina that lacks photoreceptors?
What stage of sleep is referred to as “paradoxical sleep”?
Which form of learning did Pavlov and his dogs contribute to?

14. Problem Solving Obstacles mental set functional fixedness
successfully solving a problem in a similar way
Limits creativity
functional fixedness
object only useful as what it was originally created for

15. Problem Solving Creativity divergent thinking free association
not limited by the way things are usually done\innovation

16. Reasoning deductive reasoning inductive reasoning
conclusion = true if the premise = true
linear
inductive reasoning
reason with individual cases to reach a general conclusion
confirmation bias - seek info that will make your conclusion true

17. Decision Making and Judgement
The framing effect
word choices influence on decisions
Overconfidence
unaware of flimsy supporting evidence
pay attention to examples that confirm beliefs

18. Warm up 11/5
Are you taking/have you taken a foreign language course during high school? What was it?
What are some activities used to teach you the language?

19. Language
phonemes - sounds - consonants and vowels - put together (phonics)
morphemes - units of meaning - smaller words - prefixes and suffixes (all made up of phonemes)
syntax - arrangement of words in a sentence- grammar - Subject verb object.
semantics - study of meaning
language and the things it describes - how a word can have a different meaning when used as an adjective or a verb. OR how two different words with different meanings can sound exactly the same. OR how sentence structure or expression can change meaning.

20. Language Stages of language development crying, cooing, and babbling
words
grammar

21. Language How do we learn? bilingualism heredity
environmental influences
bilingualism