1. Sport Books Publisher1 Movement Intelligence: A Vast Store of Motor Skills Chapter 16

2. Sport Books Publisher2 Outline Movement Intelligence Motor Skills Characteristics of Skills

3. Sport Books Publisher3

4. 4 An aggregate or vast repertoire of movement experiences developed since birth Allows us to produce endless variety of skills Skills we posses are NOT static elements The ability to learn allows us to continually improve skills

5. Sport Books Publisher5 Movement Intelligence: Unlocking Your Potential In order to gain benefits of any PA, some degree of MI (movement intelligence) is necessary to unlock your potential Waking, running, and cycling may not be an attractive means of maintaining health and longevity. MI is necessary for the development of diverse skills. Movement Intelligence

6. Sport Books Publisher6 Movement Intelligence and Motor Programs

7. Sport Books Publisher7 Motor Programs (MPs) Motor programs = movement plans –Developed when learning new skills –Stored in memory Acquired as a result of learning and repetitive practice –Through a formation of specialized nerve circuits in the central nervous system that work together when developing a movement plan for a new skill When developed and stored in memory, motor programs are a set of pre-structured muscle commands that allow the performer to carry out the skill automatically

8. Sport Books Publisher8 Generalized Motor Programs(GMPs) Still consists of a stored pattern of movements Parameters: specify such things as the order of events, the overall duration of the event, the overall force needed to accomplish the movement,and temporal patterning, a) stable: eg. relative time and relative force applied in each stroke during table tennis b) unstable: eg. speeding up the sequence of the movements and increasing overall force applied during forehand stroke Well-established GMPs form the basis for autonomic and spontaneous movements in sports and require a little or no attention and mental effort

9. Sport Books Publisher9 Movement abilities: inherited, relatively enduring and stable traits which serve as the foundation stones for the development of motor programs The quality and effectiveness of motor programs depends upon the presence of underlying motor abilities Analogy: Movement Intelligence and Movement Abilities Movement AbilitySkill

10. Sport Books Publisher10 Who are the All-Around Athletes? Many fundamental abilities are likely common across a variety of sports All-around athletes posses strong abilities that underlie the many sports in which they excel They have more high end abilities than normal individuals and therefore excel in more sports

11. Sport Books Publisher11 Can Practice Improve Motor Abilities? Human abilities are genetically determined However, intensive ability-specific practice may potentially improve motor abilities Example: research at the University of Toronto indicates that practice on Dynavision improves a variety of psychomotor abilities and performance

12. Sport Books Publisher12 Lead-up Activities and Drills 1. Transfer to another target sporting activity –e.g., passing, shooting, dribbling, and faking drills for soccer 2. Improvement of basic abilities –Quickening, balancing, perceptual exercises, etc. –e.g., perceptual motor training

13. Sport Books Publisher13

14. Sport Books Publisher14 What are skills? How are skills characterized? What types of classifications of skills are there?

15. Sport Books Publisher15 Skill as a Task Skill: “an action or task that requires voluntary body and/or limb movement to achieve a goal” In this context, a skill must be learned, have a purpose, and be performed voluntarily Example: catching a baseball

16. Sport Books Publisher16 Skill as Quality of Performance Skill: “the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy, or of time and energy”

17. Sport Books Publisher17 Maximum Certainty Being skilled involves attaining the performance with maximum certainty Obtaining performance outcome on some occasions and not on others is not a skilled action, because the element of luck may have been involved Generating the skill reliably over time

18. Sport Books Publisher18 Minimization of Energy Being able to minimize energy used to carry out an action constitutes a skilled performance Energy conserved: –Can be used at times most needed –Can be directed towards other aspects of activity (e.g., strategy, creativity) –Allows pacing oneself for longer periods of time

19. Sport Books Publisher19 Minimum Time Being able to perform a skill in minimum time –e.g., 100-metre race, slap shot However, minimizing time is not a strict goal of all movements –e.g.,  speed of action   accuracy –e.g.,  speed of action  affects energy costs by using muscles differently

20. Sport Books Publisher20 Possible classification systems: team vs. dual vs. individual; summer vs. winter A more comprehensive classification of motor skills: –According to the effects of environment on learning and executing skills

21. Sport Books Publisher21 Closed Skills performed under constant, relatively unchanging conditions the movement form itself is often the goal of the skill e.g., gymnastics routines

22. Sport Books Publisher22 Teaching Strategies for Closed Skills Goal: stereotyped movements that consistently produce the desired response Strategy: learning environment structured so that the desired response will occur Repeating the selected movement pattern consistently without allowing external influences to affect the performance –e.g., noise Use of kinesthetic and proprioceptive feedback especially effective

23. Sport Books Publisher23 Open Skills Environments are continually changing and require performers to adjust and respond to the environment around them Responses cannot be made effectively far in advance Demand the capacity to adapt, anticipate, and be flexible in responses

24. Sport Books Publisher24 Teaching Strategies for Open Skills The learning environment should closely approximate the environment in which the skill will take place Learners should exercise variability and adaptability and different scenarios that approximate real environment Learners may be wise to identify patterns in the environment that provide information about the movement of objects and players

25. Sport Books Publisher25 Open-Closed Continuum Open skills Closed skills

26. Sport Books Publisher26 Learning Progression For Open Skills Along the Open-Closed Continuum Start learning with making the skill more closed (e.g., one pitch speed) Once a certain level of proficiency has been achieved, make the skill more open (e.g., live pitch) i.e., remove a component of uncertainty of the skill in order to simplify its overall execution

27. Sport Books Publisher27 Enhancing Your Learning Potential Clear understanding of: –Anatomical structures in limiting human movements –How the body moves most efficiently –How the body develops over time –Where our energy comes from –How to maintain healthy, injury-free body –Etc.