1. Werhan, Conrad “Epilepsy in the Elderly" Dtsch Arztebl Int

2. Etiology of Epilepsy in Asia
In Japan, Patients with late onset (50 years or older)
no family history;
half had a past history of cerebrovascular accident or head injury as a presumed etiology
Lim, Shih-Hui “Epidemiology and Etiology of seizures and epilepsy in the elderly of Asia" Neurology Asia 2004; 9 (1): 31-32

3. Post Stroke Seizure Early Onset (Less than 2 weeks)
Accumulation of intracellular calcium and sodium may result in depolarization of the transmembrane potential
Increased extracellular glutamate
Late Onset (Greater than 2 weeks)
Persistent changes in neuronal excitability
Replacement of healthy cell paranchyma by neuroglia and immune cells
Silverman, Isaac, Restrepo, Lucas, Matthews, Gregory “Post-stroke Seizures." Archive of Neurology ; 59:

4. Post Stroke Seizure Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke
35% of early onset seizure develop into epilepsy
90% of late onset seizure develop into epilepsy
Hemorrhagic Stroke
29% of early onset seizure develop into epilepsy
93% of late onset seizure develop into epilepsy
Silverman, Isaac, Restrepo, Lucas, Matthews, Gregory “Post-stroke Seizures." Archive of Neurology ; 59:

5. Seizure After Stroke Study
Seizures occurred in 168 (8.9%) of 1897 patients with stroke
28 [10.6%] of 265 with hemorrhagic
140 [8.6%] of 1632 with ischemic
Risk factors for seizures after ischemic stroke
Cortical location of infarction (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, ; P,.01)
Stroke disability (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, ; P,.02)
Risk factor for seizures after hemorrhagic stroke
Cortical location (HR, 3.16; 95% CI, ; P,.008).
Post stroke epilepsy occurred in 47 (2.5%) of 1897 patients.
Late onset of the first seizure was an independent risk factor for epilepsy after ischemic stroke (HR, 12.37; 95% CI, ; P,.001)
Bladin, Christopher, Alexandrov, Andrei, Bellavance Andre and et al “Sezures after Sroke: A Prospective Multicenter Study" Archive of Neurology. 2000; 57: