1. The Cerebral Cortex

2. Anatomy Class

3. The Cerebral Cortex Anatomy Class P a rt y

4. The Cerebral Cortex Thin area of gray matter Three Functional Areas : –Sensory areas

5. The Cerebral Cortex Thin area of gray matter Three Functional Areas : –Sensory areas –Motor areas

6. The Cerebral Cortex Thin area of gray matter Three Functional Areas : –Sensory areas –Motor areas –Association areas

7. The Cerebral Cortex Lateralization

8. The Cerebral Cortex Lateralization Conscious behavior involves multiple regions

9. Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex

11. Primary Motor Cortex Control of voluntary movement

12. Primary Motor Cortex Control of voluntary movement Body is represented spatially on PMC

13. PMC: Clinical Application Damage to PMC paralyzes muscles controlled by that region of brain

14. Somatosensory Cortex Receive stimuli from sensory receptors and proprioreceptors

15. Somatosensory Homunculus Size indicates level of sensitivity

16. Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex

17. Visual Cortex Receives visual stimuli from optic nerve

18. Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex

19. Auditory Cortex Receives stimuli from tympanic membrane

20. Functions of Neurons in Cerebral Cortex

21. Association Areas of Cerebral Cortex

22. Cortex Association Areas Produce understanding of objects in environment

23. Visual Association Area Understanding of visual stimuli in environment

24. Auditory Association Areas Understanding of sounds in environment

25. Principles of Brain Function 1. Involves several brain regions that perform different types of processing 2. Pathways link the parts of the brain responsible for each function 3. Each part of the brain projects in an orderly fashion onto the next 4. One side of the brain controls the other side of the body

26. Brain Function Extra Credit Perform illusions with friend or family member Due Thursday, Nov 29 after Thanksgiving break

27. Brain Power: Pseudocyesis “Bloody” Mary Tudor

28. Brain Power: BP and Heart Rate Criss Angel from Phenomenon

29. Brain Function and Learning I.Studying Brain Function II.Components of the CNS III.Learning & Memory IV.Brain Disorders

30. The Nature of Memory Most of what we perceive is forgotten

31. The Nature of Memory Most of what we perceive is forgotten Memory formation requires repetitive use of synapses

32. How is Information Stored? Neurons are physically altered by learning

33. How is Information Stored? Neurons are physically altered by learning Untrained Trained

34. How is Information Stored? Neurons are physically altered by learning Physical change leads to stronger EPSP’s

35. How to Alter Synaptic Strength 1.Neuromodulation –Lasts minutes to hours –strengthen or weaken synapse –Opens or closes ________ in presynaptic neuron

36. Neuromodulation is Short Term Change Increase Ca 2+ influx Block K + Efflux Prolong AP Increase Neurotransmitter Output

37. How to Alter Synaptic Strength 2. Potentiation –Lasts days to years –strengthens synapse –modify dendrites on _________ neuron –requires repeated stimulation

38. Potentiation is Long Term Change Dendrite is remodeled Repeated bursts of synaptic activity Ions flow more rapidly into dendrite

39. Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory Neuromodulation enables short-term memory Potentiation enables long-term memory

40. Factors influencing Learning Number of synapses is greatest at the age 2

41. Factors influencing Learning Number of synapses is greatest at the age 2 Sleeping after studying enhances learning

42. Brain Function and Learning I.Studying Brain Function II.Components of the CNS III.Learning & Memory IV.Brain Disorders

43. Computer Games Save the Brain?

44. Plaque Alzheimer’s Disease Results in dementia Protein plaque accumulates in brain

45. Brain Games to Detect Alzheimers?

46. Fighting Alzheimers Disease Mouse with Alzheimer’s GeneNasal Injection Research Team

47. Parkinson’s Disease Characteristic symptoms

48. Parkinson’s Disease Characteristic symptoms Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons PET Scan

49. Parkinson’s Disease Characteristic symptoms Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons Dopamine facilitates coordinated movement in the motor cortex

50. Epileptic Seizures Torrent of nerve activity in brain Hyperactivity in particular region of body

51. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) Loss of blood flow to brain Loss of regional brain function Know the S.T.R.