1. What a drag! A numerical model of time-dependent f low over topography Sally Warner Advised by Parker MacCready December 6, 2006

2. What is drag? Drag is a force from a body acting parallel to the direction of relative f luid motion. Friction dragForm (pressure) drag smooth surface rough surface large wake medium wake small wake

3. Why do oceanographers care about form drag? >> Form drag works to – dissipate tidal energy – generate eddies and internal waves – produce turbulence and mixing >> Unlike frictional drag, form drag is not well resolved in coastal and larger scale models

4. Form drag in the Puget Sound In their Puget Sound tidal model, Lavelle et al. (1988) originally used a frictional drag coefficient of C D = 3x10 -3. But they found that some areas needed a much larger coefficient of C D = 20x10 -3 to match tidal observations.

5. Form drag at Three Tree Point Three Tree Point is a 1 km headland in the Main Basin of the Puget Sound MacCready and others found the form drag to be 20 times larger than frictional drag MacCready

6. Motivating questions >> Why is there such a large form drag in places like Three Tree Point? >> How can I parameterize the form drag into a new drag coefficient (C D_FORM )? Solution approach >> Idealized numerical model

7. The model: basic setup

8. The model: Gaussian bump First experiment: 15 different bump sizes

9. The model: stratif ication N = 0.0125 s -1

10. The model: grid size

11. The model: tidal forcing – Forced with a propagating tidal wave – Fluid entering boundaries has original stratification

13. Vertically averaged velocity

14. Surface height A 3.6° phase lag between left and right makes sense for a 20 km channel with a surface gravity wave speed of c = 44 m/s.

15. How do I measure form drag? p B = bottom pressure = bottom slope A B = bottom area HL MacCready 2 tidal cycles = 24 lunar hours

17. Fr >1

18. Power = drag * velocity Bump height is 20% of total depthBump height is 10% of total depth  drag = 102°  drag = 130°

19. – Average Power Results in the same range as the 0.7 MW of power dissipated at Three Tree Point.

20. Questions to answer What are the factors that create the very large form drag measured in places like Three Tree Point? How does form drag contribute to the generation of internal tides and eddies? How does the magnitude of the form drag compare with the magnitude of the frictional drag? What role does form drag play in the energy budget of coastal regions?

21. Future goal: parameterization C D_FORM = function( bump height, bump width, stratification, tidal velocity, tidal period, channel width, channel length, channel height )

22. Thank you Parker MacCready David Darr Tom Connolly Natalia Stefanova Neil Banas Betty Bottler (ARCS Fellowship donor)