1. Md.Kausher ahmed Electrical department

2. Biomedical engineering Code:6875

3. Lesson declared Nuclear medical imaging system

4. Learning outcomes After finished this lesson student will able to # Say. about Biomedical Imaging & Instrumentation. # Say about Gamma camera. # Say about types of image.

5. Biomedical Imaging & Instrumentation UCSF, Berkeley, and LBNL and have long been at the forefront in biomedical imaging and instrumentation. The three campuses share resources from several imaging centers, including the Center for Functional Imaging at LBNL, the Magnetic Resonance Science Center at UCSF, and the Helen Wills Neuroscience BIC center at Berkeley. Scanners include the latest generation 1.5,

6. Continue,,,,, T, 3.0 T and 7 T GE MRI scanners at the new Mission Bay Campus, two fMRI scanners at Berkeley, and several experimental nuclear medicine scanners. The are many groups doing exciting Biomedical Instrumentation research at Berkeley, UCSF and LBNL. These include improved or novel medical imaging scanner construction, including Nuclear Medicine detectors and systems, MRI hardware and systems and Ultrasound hardware

7. Continue,,,,, and diagnostic software. Many researchers focus on various technologies for improved therapy, and on novel cellular imaging. There are many working on technology to study fundamental neuroscience and to develop novel sensors and systems for high throughput biological assays. Advances in imaging technology continue to expand our understanding of such problems as neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, arthritis, psychiatric and behavioral disorders,

8. Continue,,,,, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Specific research areas include improved or novel medical imaging scanner construction, MRI pulse sequences for spectroscopy, DTI, and cancer imaging and Ultrasound hardware and diagnostic software. The research environment at UCSF, Berkeley, and LBNL will allow a graduate student to train for an exciting and high-impact career in Biomedical Imaging.

9. Gamma camera An example of lung scintigraphy examination

10. Continue A gamma camera, also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse images of the human body or the distribution of medically injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays.

11. Construction Gamma camera

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13. that as many as 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to CTs performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5 to 2% with 2007 rates of CT usage; however, this estimate is disputed, as there is not a scientific consensus about the existence of damage from low levels of radiation. Kidney problems following intravenous contrast agents may also be a concern in some types of studies.

14. Diagrammatic cross section of a gamma camera detector

15. Continue,,,,,,,,,, A gamma camera consists of one or more flat crystal planes (or detectors) optically coupled to an array of photomultiplier tubes in an assembly known as a "head", mounted on a gantry. The gantry is connected to a computer system that both controls the operation of the camera as well as acquisition and storage of acquired images. The construction of a gamma camera is sometimes known as a compartmental radiation construction

16. Imaging techniques using gamma cameras

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18. Rectilinear scanner A rectilinear scanner is an imaging device once used in nuclear medicine.

19. Mechanism NaI(Tl) crystal of the detector moves in a raster pattern over studied area of the patient, making a constant count rate. Simultaneously, the light source moves over the photographic film. The intensity of light produced increases with an increase in activity, producing dark areas on the film.

20. Continue,,,,,,,,,, Device can be modified electronically to enhance count rate differences in areas of medical interest. Data taken during a scan is recorded on a magnetic tape or a disc to be analyzed later by a computer to provide a quantitative image. Dimensions of scan areas, spacing of scan lines and rate of movement of scanning head is adjusted according to organ size and amount of radioactivity

21. Continue,,,,,,,,,, Rectilinear scanner can scan the entire body. The image is then minified to fit a standard 36 cm x 43 cm filmAs it uses a focused collimator it measures radiation distribution 7.5 - 12.5 cm from the end of the collimator. Thus, a scan from both sides of the patient is often necessary. A few scanners have 2 detectors facing each other to scan simultaneously.

22. Other types of image On an oscilloscope. By marks tapped on paper. Density or color of marks indicate intensity of activity in corresponding areas of the patient

23. Disadvantages Time consuming : Scan lasts for over 30 min. Even by reducing time using 2 or more detectors, time is still very long. Motion artifacts : The patient may remain motionless, but he can certainly not hold his breath for more than 60 s. Thus, scans of liver for instance include motion artifacts since liver moves up and down 2 cm during normal breathing.

24. Task # Explain about Biomedical Imaging & Instrumentation. # Explain about Gamma camera. # Say Various types of image.

25. Thanks everybody