1. Chapter 3 England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty, and Expansion Web

2. The Spectrum of Settlement Sex ratio closer to equal in the Chesapeake than in the sugar islands Life expectancy longer in the Chesapeake than in the sugar islands New England was one of the healthiest places on earth Sex ratio approached equality Early marriages and large families Demographics Caribbean and Southern colonies dominated by younger men New England dominated by grandfathers West Indies had slave majority by 1700

3. The Beginnings of Empire Dutch seized control of trade in and out of English West Indies and Chesapeake colonies Only Virginia had royal governor Indian Wars almost destroyed New England, New Netherland, and Maryland in mid-1640s Openchancanough Miantonomo Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven founded the New England Confederation in 1643 as defensive alliance

4. Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution Power derived from a nation’s wealth Colonies were necessary for economic growth Nations had to control the commerce of their colonies First Navigation Act, 1651 Balance of trade Rules governing which goods could enter English ports and on which ships Rules governing nationality of captain and crew of ships Generated opposition in the colonies

5. Mercantilism Mercantilism (cont’d) Navigation Act of 1660 All colonial trade had to be carried out on English ships New rules on nationality of captain and crew of ships Enumerated commodities that could be shipped from the colony of origin only to England or another English colony Staple Act of 1663 Regulated goods going to colonies Plantation Duty Act of 1673 Navigation Acts were tremendously successful at displacing the Dutch and establishing English hegemony over the Atlantic trade

6. Indian, Settlers, Upheaval Effects of European diseases Mourning wars and tribal adoptions Algonquians Integration of European materials and products into Indian life Iroquois League Chain of Peace Missionary efforts Powwow Most pronounced in New England

7. Metacom’s War Began with simple confrontation in Puritan frontier town of Swansea before becoming an all- out war Pitted Massachusetts and Connecticut against Wampanoags and Narragansetts Indians had firearms and fought fiercely Colonists attacked even the settlements of Christian Indians Colonists eventually won, but only with help of Mohawks and Mohegans Metacom killed; hundreds of his supporters sold into West Indian slavery

8. Virginia’s Indian War Indian War, 1675 Began as minor conflict with Doegs; came to involve Sisquehannocks as well Colonial government unable to quickly settle the conflict Governor William Berkeley favored defense Colonists wanted to attack Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Stemmed from frontier dissatisfaction with lack of government action Crushed by colonial government, but only at high cost Revealed difficulty of managing the frontier

9. Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire Lords of Trade established in 1675 To enforce the Navigation Acts and administer the colonies Whigs and Tories West Indies first to feel greater English control Crown controlled governors and upper legislature houses Precedents established there applied elsewhere

10. Glorious Revolution James II replaced by William and Mary Upheavals in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and both Jerseys No self-government Religious toleration imposed on the Puritans Undermined by Glorious Revolution in England Abolished in 1691 with new colonial charters that guaranteed representative government

11. Salem Witch trials Spring and Summer of 1692 Eventually involved accusations against 150 individuals Almost two dozen executed, all of whom professed their innocence Of the 50 who confessed to witchcraft, none were executed Ended only when governor’s wife was accused of witchcraft

12. Completion of the Empire Royal government became the norm Navigation Act, 1696 Plugged loopholes in early laws Extended to America the English system of vice admiralty courts Board of Trade established, 1696 Powers almost wholly advisory Act of Union, 1707 united England and Scotland Implications for trade with the American colonies Created system of imperial federalism that existed until American Revolution Funded national debt

13. Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America Pueblo Revolt was the greatest challenge to Spanish position in North America Drought and famine prompted Pueblos to return to traditional worship in 1675 Pope Full-scale revolt in 1680 400 of the 23,000 Spaniards in New Mexico killed Destroyed every Spanish building in the province Fighting continued until 1693, with heavy losses for the Pueblos

14. New France and the Middle Ground French hoped to erect a friendly Algonquian shield against the Iroquois South Algonquian supplied firearms, brandy, and other European goods Iroquois negotiated a peace treaty in 1701 Success with Indians rested on intelligent negotiation, not force Onontio French established Fort near Mobile to trade with Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks

15. An Empire of Settlement: The British Colonies Abandoned rigid inheritance and familial patterns of England Adhered to patriarchal family and society structure Primogeniture Households interdependent within society, though each strove for self-sufficiency Householders exerted independence in larger political society Independence influenced military affairs as few felt compelled to serve unless it was in their own interests

16. Three Warring Empires, 1689–1716 Treaty of Utrecht French and Spanish empires fighting mainly to survive New Englanders calling repeatedly for conquest of New France King William’s War (1680–1697) Queen Anne’s War (1702–1713) English settlement halted in New England and the Carolinas Westward thrust strong in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia Web

17. Discussion Questions What is mercantilism? What was its role in Britain’s dominance over the New World? Discuss the part Indians played in the early colonies. What caused relations to deteriorate so quickly? What is the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion? How does it signify a greater problem in the relations of the classes in America? Describe the causes and results of the Salem Witch Trials. What does it tell us of the roles of women and religion in the colonies?