Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byStephen Lamb Modified over 8 years ago
1
Organic Chemistry Basics Chapter 3
2
Organic compounds Carbon covalently bonded to each other and other atoms Originally thought only found in living things Wide diversity in compounds: more than 5 million have been identified Macromolecules : cells make large molecules from smaller ones
3
Properties of Carbon 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds Can form bonds with itself Carbon to carbon bonds are strong but not unbreakable, making them good for structural components Carbon can also form double and triple bonds with itself Carbon can form straight or branched chains as well as rings
4
Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures Do not have identical physical or chemical properties Three types: Structural – different covalent arrangement Geometric – different spatial arrangement Enantiomers – mirror images of each other
5
Structural isomers Geometric isomers Enantiomers
6
Hydrocarbons Carbon + hydrogen Nonpolar Tend to be hydrophobic Hydrogen atoms can be replaced with a functional group Polar and ionic functional groups are hydrophilic
7
Functional groups Hydroxyl group : R-OH Alcohols Carbonyl group : carbon to oxygen double bond Aldehyde : R-CHO (at end of C skeleton) Ketone : R-CO-R (internal carbonyl group) ethanol
8
Functional groups… Carboxyl group : R-COOH Amino group : R-NH 2 Both essential in amino acids Phosphate group : R-PO 4 H 2 Part of DNA backbone Sulfhydryl group : R-SH Thiols – important in proteins
9
Polymers Formed by linking small organic molecules together Example: 20 different amino acids form thousands of different proteins Hydrolysis reactions (‘break with water’) Breaks apart a polymer Condensation reactions (‘remove water’) Joins monomers into a polymer In biological systems these are regulated by different enzymes.
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.