1. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Topic 10.1

2. functional groups are the reactive part of molecules see hand out giving: – class – functional group – suffix – general formula - example

4. Functional Group FormulaStructural Formula Alcohol-OH - O – H Aldehyde-COH (on the end of a chain) O - C – H Ketone-CO- (can’t be on end of chain) O - C – Carboxylic Acid-COOH (on the end of a chain) O - C – O – H Halide-Br, -Cl, -F, -I- X Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional groups

5. Functional Group FormulaSuffix (or Prefix) Alcohol-OH -ol Aldehyde-COH -al Ketone-CO- -one Carboxylic Acid-COOH -oic acid Halide-Br, -Cl, -F, -I bromo-,chloro-, fluoro-,iodo-

6. Know these 7, only have to recognize the 3 in the

7. Alcohols: suffix = “anol” propan-1-ol propan-2-ol 2-methyl propan-2-ol

9. propanal Note: an aldeyhde group is always on an end carbon so don’t need a number butandianal Aldehydes: suffix = “-al”

11. propanone (don’t need C#, must be in between two carbons) butanone (don’t need C#, must be in between two carbons) 2-pentanone or penta-2-one Ketones: suffix = “-one”

12. butandione pentan-3-one

14. butanoic acid Note: a carboxyl is always on an end carbon propandioic acid Carboxylic Acids: suffix = “-oic acid”

15. 1-bromopropane 2-chlorobutane 1,2-diiodoethane 1,2-difluoroethene 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Halides: prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo”

16. Functional Group Formula Amine- NH 2 Ester O R – C – O – R Benzene Only identify the following functional groups in structures

17. amino, benzene ring, ester

18. with reference to the carbon that is directly bonded to an alcohol group or a halogen: – Primary = carbon atom is only bonded to one other carbon – Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons – Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to three other carbons 10.1.12 Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)

21. Volatility: how easily a substance turns into a gas – the stronger the intermolecular force, the less volatile it is – ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van der Wall’s – therefore volatility from highest to lowest… – alkane (only Van der Wall’s) › halogenoalkane › aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) › carboxylic acid (H bonding) 10.1.13 Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of compounds containing the functional groups listed in10.1.9.

23. Boiling Points

24. Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a polar solvent (water) – the more polar a substance is, the more soluble it is – solubility decreases as chain length increases – smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones & carboxylic acids are typically soluble they are all polar as is water