1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Compounds Def: Cmpds that are contain mostly carbon and hydrogen (millions) Ex) plastics, foods, fabrics Inorganic cmpds – derived from nonliving things

3. General Characteristics of Organic Cmpds Major diff in organic vs inorganic inorganic – formed from ionic, covalent, or coordinate covalent bonds Organic – formed from covalent bonds Generally non-polar insoluble in H 2 O soluble in nonpolar solvents (hexanes, benzene) Nonelectrolytes (no ions dissociate)

4. General Characteristics of Organic Cmpds Weak intermolecular forces of attraction – London Dispersion forces only (low MP and BP, high vapor pressure) Slow to react (strong covalent bonds) Major natural resource Ex) petroleum, coal, natural gas

5. Structural formulas Def: show bonding arrangement of atoms Carbon has 4 bonding sites Draw Lewis dot diagram Methane

6. Structural formulas The 4 bonds of carbon are pushed to the 4 corners of a tetrahedron Carbon forms so many diff cmpds because it can bond to itself, by forming – single bonds – double bonds – triple bonds

7. Saturated compounds Def: organic compounds in which all carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds Ex) ethanepropane

8. Unsaturated Cmpds Def: organic cmpds in which at least one Carbon to Carbon bonds is a double or triple bond Ex) ethenepropene Ethynepropyne

9. Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons Homologous series – grp of organic cmpds that have similar properties and related structures – hydrocarbons – cmpds containing only carbon and hydrogen

10. Alkane series Def: grp of hydrocarbons which contain carbon atoms linked by single bonds Alkanes are saturated cmpds

11. Alkane series Naming: prefixes are used to relate the # of carbons in the cmpd (Table P) meth - hex- eth- hept - prop- oct- but- non - pent- dec- - all end in suffix -ane

12. Pentane (C 5 H 12 ) General formula (C n H 2n+2 )

13. Isomers cmpds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas isomers represent different compounds with different chem and physical properties

14. Isomers Isomerism begins with butane, C 4 H 10

15. Naming isomers system is based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms number the longest carbon chain so that the attached group gets the lowest possible # branch is named using the # of Carbons prefix, followed by – yl name ends in longest carbon chain name

16. 2 methyl propane

17. Practice: Name the following

18. Write a structural formula for the following 4-ethyl decane

19. If a halogen is attached to the C chain, use the following prefixes Cl – chloro F – flouro Br – bromo I - iodo number the halogen

20. Practice 1 – chloropropane2 – chloropropane 1,2 – dibromopropane1,1 – dichlorobutane

21. Alkenes a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain one double bond General Formula: C n H 2n prefixes remain same end in –ene

22. Alkenes propene

23. Isomers of alkenes 1- butene, C 4 H 8 2-butene

24. Alkynes unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at one triple bond General Formula: C n H 2n-2 - end in -yne Isomers of alkynes, named for the position of the triple bond

25. Alkynes 1-butyne, C 4 H 6 2- butyne

26. Other Organic Compounds (table R) Functional Groups atoms or groups of atoms that give certain characteristics to an organic molecule (determine how a molecule will react)

27. Halides Def: cmpds in which a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen on from an alkane. on long carbon chains use a number to note the location of the halogen on the carbon chain Ex) CH 3 ClCH 3 CH 2 Br ChloromethaneBromoethane

28. Alcohols contain the functional grp: -OH (not a hydroxide ion) ex) R – OH R represents some carbon chain Naming: named for the parent alkane chain, replace last e with -ol

29. Draw the following: CH 3 OH – methanolCH 3 CH 2 OH – ethanol 3- pentanol

30. Ethers contain functional grp C - O – C General formula: R – O – R Where the R grps do not have to be the same Naming: the RO in the group is the alkoxy group

31. CH 3 OCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 Diethyl ether

32. Organic Acids (carboxylic acids) Contain the functional grp: -COOH Draw actual orientation. General formula: R- COOH Name: name for # of Carbons use alkane name drop –e and and add – oic acid.

33. HCOOH CH 3 COOH propanoic acid

34. Amines (considered derivatives of ammonia) – Functional Grp : - NH 2 – General Formula:R – NH 2 R 2 – NH R 3 – N – Naming: name the alkane group to which the amine is attached drop the –e ending and add amine

35. CH 3 NH 2 CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 2-propanamine

36. Aldehydes – contains the functional group: O R – C – H – Name: use alkane name for the carbon chain (including carbon attached to the Oxygen) drop –e and add – al =

37. methanal pentanal ethanal

38. Ketones – contain the functional group: – Name: use alkane name for longest carbon chain drop –e ending, add - one number the carbon in which the doublely bonded oxygen is located

39. butanonepropanone (acetone) 2-pentanone

40. Amides contain the functional grp: O R- C or RCONH 2 NH 2 Naming: name the longest carbon chain as you would an alkane drop the –e and add amide = _

41. ethanamide N, N dimethylamide - N’s denote the methyl grps attached to the nitrogens

42. Do Now: Identify whether the following are saturated or unsaturated: C 5 H 10 C 4 H 10 C 3 H 4 C 7 H 16

43. Esters contain the functional grp: O R - C O - R Name: names are derived from the alcohol and the acid from which it is formed portion from the alcohol comes 1 st (this is R’) portion from the acid comes 2 nd using the alkane name, dropping the –e and adding - oate = _

44. ethyl pentanoate.ethyl ethanoate

45. Amino Acids Contain both the amino and the organic acid functional group. Do not need to name

46. Organic Reactions

47. Combustion Reactions of Alkanes C 3 H 8(g) + 5O 2(g) ----> 3CO 2(g) + 4HOH (g) 2C 4 H 10(g) + 13 O 2(g) ----> 8CO 2(g) + 10HOH (g)

48. Addition Reactions - The addition of one or more atoms or groups of atoms across a double or triple bond (unsaturated hydrocarbons) propene propane

49. Halogenation CH 2 =CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 + Br 2 ---> CH 2 BrCHBrCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 1-pentene 1,2-dibromopentane

50. Hydrogen Addition Hydrogenation C 2 H 4(g) + H 2(g) ---> C 2 H 6(g) unsaturated saturated

51. Substitution Reactions for Alkanes Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms on saturated hydrocarbons.

52. Esterification Acid + Alcohol → Ester + water + CH 3 COOH

53. Do Now: Identify the type of reaction that occurs between the following compounds and name the products formed. Butanol + Butanoic acid →

54. Saponification Reaction: Fat + strong base  Soap + Glycerol NaOH KOH

55. O H C 17 H 35 -C-O-C-H + NaOH  O C 17 H 35 -C-O-C-H + NaOH  O C 17 H 35 -C-O-C-H + NaOH  H Fat Lye (Triglyceride)

56. O H C 17 H 35 -C-ONa H-C-OH O C 17 H 35 -C-ONa + H-C-OH O C 17 H 35 -C-ONa H-C-OH H Soap! Glycerol

57. How does it happen?? O Break the ester linkages C – O- by hydrolyzing the bonds between the carbon backbone and the fatty acid chains. (Reversal of esterification reaction) Form the sodium salt of a fatty acid (soap) and a trihydroxy alcohol (glycerol).

58. Fermentation

59. zymase C 6 H 12 O 6 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 The basic fermentation reaction:

60. Polymers...are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon

61. Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

62. Addition Polymerization

63. Condensation Polymerization