1. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CHAPTER 16 Male Reproductive System

2. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive System Overview Functions of male reproductive system –Produce, sustain, and transport sperm –Propel sperm during sexual intercourse Copulation –Produce testosterone

3. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Primary Organs Testes or testicles = male gonads –Small ovoid glands –Responsible for production of sperm Seminiferous tubules –Responsible for secretion of testosterone

4. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Primary Organs Scrotum –Sac located posterior to the penis Suspended from the perineum –Houses the testicles

5. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Epididymis –Tightly coiled tubule that resembles a comma –Sperm mature in the epididymis, becoming fertile and motile Mature sperm are stored in lower portion of epididymis

6. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Vas deferens –Also called the ductus deferens –Straight tube continuous with the epididymis –Enlarges to form a sac-like dilation (ampulla) near prostate gland –Merges with the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

7. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Seminal vesicles –Secrete a thick, yellowish fluid known as seminal fluid –Constitutes a large part of the volume of semen

8. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Prostate gland –Lies just below the urinary bladder Surrounds the base of the urethra as it leaves the bladder –Transports thin, milky colored, alkaline secretions that enhance the motility of the sperm Secretion also helps neutralize the secretions within the vagina –Muscular action of gland aids in expelling semen from the body

9. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Urethra –Serves both urinary system and male reproductive system –Transports urine from the bladder and semen when ejaculated to the outside of the body Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) –Secrete alkaline, mucous-like fluid that provides lubrication during sexual intercourse

10. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive Accessory Organs Penis –Male organ of copulation –Tip of penis called the glans penis –Prepuce or foreskin Retractable fold of skin that covers the glans penis –Urethra extends the length of the penis and ends as an opening at the tip of the glans penis Opening is called the external urinary meatus

11. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive System

12. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question Mature sperm are stored in the __________. a.seminal vesicles b.testes c.epididymis d.prostate

13. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer c. Sperm are produced in the testes and then move to the epididymis.

14. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: There is a separate exit point out of the body for urine and semen.

15. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer False. The urethra transports both.

16. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation

17. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Sperm Formation Animation

18. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Male Reproductive System

19. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anorchism Pronounced –(an-OR-kizm) Defined –Absence of one or both testicles

20. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Balanitis Pronounced –(bal-ah-NYE-tis) Defined –Inflammation of glans penis and mucous membrane beneath it

21. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Pronounced –(bee-NINE pross-TAT-ik high-PER-troh-fee) Defined –Benign enlargement of prostate gland –Creates pressure on upper part of urethra or neck of the bladder, causing obstruction of flow of urine

22. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Carcinoma of the Prostate Pronounced –(kar-sin-OH-mah of the PROSS-tayt) Defined –Malignant growth within prostate gland –Creates pressure on upper part of urethra

23. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Carcinoma of the Testes Pronounced –(kar-sin-OH-mah of the TESS-teez) Defined –Malignant tumor of testicle that appears as a painless lump –Also called testicular cancer

24. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: Anorchism means condition of being without a testicle.

25. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer True. An- means without and orchi- means testicle. It could be one or both testicles.

26. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cryptorchidism Pronounced –(kript-OR-kid-izm) Defined –Condition of undescended testicle(s) –Absence of one or both testicles from scrotum

27. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Epispadias Pronounced –(ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as) Defined –Congenital defect in which urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans

28. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Epispadias

29. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hydrocele Pronounced –(HIGH-droh-seel) Defined –Accumulation of fluid in any sac-like cavity or duct –Particularly the scrotal sac or along the spermatic cord

30. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypospadias Pronounced –(high-poh-SPAY-dee-as) Defined –Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the end

31. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypospadias

32. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Impotence Pronounced –(IM-poh-tens) Defined –Inability of a male to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis

33. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question ____________ is a congenital defect in which the urethral opening is on the upper side of the penis. a.Hypospadias b.Impotence c.Epispadias d.Hydrocele

34. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer c. Epi- means upon or over.

35. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Inguinal Hernia Pronounced –(ING-gwih-nal HER-nee-ah) Defined –Protrusion of a part of the intestine through a weakened spot in the muscles and membranes of inguinal region of the abdomen Intestine pushes into, and sometimes fills, the entire scrotal sac in the male

36. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Orchitis Pronounced –(or-KIGH-tis) Defined –Inflammation of the testes due to a virus, bacterial infection, or injury –Condition may affect one or both testes –Typically results from the mumps virus

37. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Phimosis Pronounced –(fih-MOH-sis) Defined –Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis that prevents it from being pulled back Opening of the foreskin narrows due to the tightness and may cause some difficulty with urination

38. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Premature Ejaculation Pronounced –(premature ee-jak-yoo-LAY-shun) Defined –Discharge of seminal fluid prior to complete erection of the penis or immediately after the penis has been introduced into the vaginal canal

39. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prostatitis Pronounced –(pross-tah-TYE-tis) Defined –Inflammation of the prostate gland May be acute or chronic May be due to bacterial invasion

40. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Varicocele Pronounced –(VAIR-ih-koh-seel) Defined –Abnormal dilation of the veins of the spermatic cord leading to the testicle

41. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question If this condition is reducible, surgery is elective. However, if bowel becomes strangulated, surgery is emergent. a.varicocele b.phimosis c.inguinal hernia d.hydrocele

42. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer c. Reducible means the bowel can be pushed back into the abdomen.

43. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: A varicocele could potentially lower a male's sperm count.

44. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer True. The increased vascular volume generates more heat, which can slow sperm production.

45. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Male and Female

46. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. AIDS Pronounced –(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

47. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. AIDS Defined –Deadly virus that destroys the body’s immune system by invading the helper T lymphocytes (T cells) T cells play an important part in the body’s immune response Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates itself within the T cells, destroys the lymphocyte, and then invades other lymphocytes

48. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chlamydia Pronounced –(klah-MID-ee-ah) Defined –Sexually transmitted bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the cervix in women and inflammation of the urethra and the epididymis in men

49. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Genital Herpes Pronounced –(JEN-ih-tal HER-peez) Defined –Highly contagious viral infection of the male and female genitalia, caused by herpes simplex virus (usually HSV-2) –Also known as venereal herpes –Differs from other sexually transmitted diseases in that it can recur spontaneously once the virus has been acquired

50. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Genital Warts Pronounced –(JEN-ih-tal warts) Defined –Small, cauliflower-like, fleshy growths usually seen along the penis in the male and in or near the vagina in women Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Transmitted from person to person through sexual intercourse

51. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gonorrhea Pronounced –(gon-oh-REE-ah)

52. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gonorrhea Defined –Sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the mucous membrane of the genital tract in men and women, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner Can be passed from infected mother to her infant during the birth process

53. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: Genital warts are highly contagious and can recur spontaneously once infected.

54. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer False. These characteristics describe genital herpes.

55. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Pronounced –(SIF-ih-lis) Defined –Sexually transmitted disease characterized by lesions that may involve any organ or tissue Spread by sexual intercourse with an infected partner If left untreated, disease passes through three stages, each with characteristic signs and symptoms

56. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Primary syphilis –Characterized by appearance of a small, painless, red pustule on the skin or mucous membrane Known as a chancre Develops on the penis of the male and the labia of the vagina in females Appears within 10 days to a few weeks after exposure Can be treated effectively with penicillin G

57. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Secondary syphilis –Occurs approximately two months later if primary phase is left untreated –Dominant sign is nonitching rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet May also experience headache, sore throat, fever, malaise, anorexia, and bone and joint pain

58. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Secondary syphilis –Disease is still contagious during second stage Can be treated effectively with penicillin –Dormant period follows secondary stage (if left untreated) For 5 to 20 years before reappearing in its final stage

59. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Tertiary syphilis –Final and most serious stage of the untreated disease –By third stage, lesions have invaded body organs and systems Lesions of tertiary syphilis are not reversible, do not respond to treatment with penicillin and can lead to life-threatening disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and heart

60. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Syphilis Primary Syphilis: Male

61. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Trichomoniasis Pronounced –(trik-oh-moh-NYE-as-sis) Defined –Sexually transmitted protozoal infection of the vagina, urethra, or prostate –Causative organism is Trichomonas vaginalis –Women will experience itching and burning, and a strong-smelling vaginal discharge that is greenish-yellow

62. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question The first sign of syphilis infection is a painless red pustule on the skin or mucous membrane called a _____________. a.wart b.pustular lesion c.chancre d.blister

63. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer c. It usually develops within 10 days to a few weeks after exposure.

64. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: Syphilis is very treatable in the primary and secondary stages with penicillin.

65. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer True. Penicillin G is very effective against killing the spirochetes.

66. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS, AND PROCEDURES Male Reproductive System

67. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Castration –Surgical removal of the testicles in the male (or the ovaries in the female) –Known as an orchidectomy or orchiectomy in the male –Known as an oophorectomy in the female

68. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Circumcision –Surgical procedure in which the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis is removed Adult male circumcision much less common and more complicated Cystoscopy –Process of visualizing the urinary tract through a cystoscope that has been inserted in the urethra

69. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures FTA-ABS Test –Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test –Serological test for syphilis (performed on blood serum)

70. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) –Radiographic procedure that provides visualization of the entire urinary tract Contrast dye is injected intravenously and multiple X-ray films are taken as the medium is cleared from the blood by the glomerular filtration of the kidney –Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram

71. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Orchidectomy –Surgical removal of a testicle –Also called orchiectomy Orchidopexy –Surgical fixation of a testicle –Also called orchiopexy

72. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question Although much less common in adults, this procedure would be indicated to correct phimosis. a.circumcision b.castration c.orchiopexy d.cystoscopy

73. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer a. The foreskin must be removed to prevent further inflammation and infection.

74. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Radical prostatectomy –Surgical removal of the entire prostate gland as a treatment for cancer Semen analysis –Assessment of a sample of semen for volume, viscosity, sperm count, sperm motility, and percentage of any abnormal sperm

75. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Suprapubic prostatectomy –Surgical removal of the prostate gland by making an incision into the abdominal wall, just above the pubis Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR or TURP) –Surgical removal of prostate gland by inserting a resectoscope through urethra and into bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from prostate

76. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Vasectomy –Surgical cutting and tying of the vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm, consequently preventing pregnancy –Male sterilization

77. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures

78. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures VDRL test –Serological test for syphilis; widely used to test for primary and secondary syphilis –Performed on blood serum –VDRL = Venereal Disease Research Laboratory

79. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures Wet mount; wet prep –Microscopic examination of fresh vaginal or male urethral secretions to test for presence of living organisms

80. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question About 2 to 3 weeks after a vasectomy, ___________ is recommended to assess sperm count. a.cystoscopy b.VDRL test c.semen analysis d.intravenous pyelogram

81. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer c. It is recommended that at least 2 analyses be done to ensure the sperm count is 0. In the meantime, other forms of birth control are recommended.

82. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Question True or False: A transurethral resection of the prostate is used only to remove pieces of the prostate, not the entire gland.

83. Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Answer True. A prostatectomy removes the entire gland.