1. Photosynthesis How plants make energy

2. 1. Mesophyll A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis chloroplasts Page 2

3. 2. Stomata Openings in plant leaves that allow for to occur (CO 2 ) passes in and (O 2 ) passes out. CO 2 O2O2O2O2 gas exchange Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Page 2

4. Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast The site ofPhotosynthesis Double-membrane bound organelle Inner membrane Outer membrane Page 2

5. 6. Stroma 7. Thylakoid 8. Grana resides in these membranes Chlorophyll Page 2

6. Bond Energy and Energy Storing Compounds ATP, NADPH, FADH 2, NADH

7. How is energy stored in organic compounds? When bonds are made by dehydration synthesis, energy is stored within the bonds of the compounds.

8. How is energy released? When bonds are broken by hydrolysis, energy is released from the bonds.

9. What are some examples of common energy storing compounds? 1.ATP (Most important usable energy for the cell.) 2.NADPH 3.FADH2 4.NADH

10. How is ATP made? ATP is made from the precursor AMP (Adenosine Mono-phosphate) If a phophate and energy is added to AMP, ADP is created. Furthermore, if another phosphate is added to ADP, ATP is created.

11. How ATP is Made AMP ADP ATP A A A PP PPP P

12. Equation for ATP synthesis ADP + P + energy  ATP

13. How are NADPH, FADH2, and NADH made? NADP+ + H+ + electrons  NADPH FAD+ + H+ + electrons  FADH2 NAD+ + H+ + electrons  NADH Notice that high energy electrons and hydrogen ions are needed to create NADPH, FADH2 and NADH.

14. Draw and label the parts of the chloroplast

15. Photosynthesis (definition) The making of food in the form of _______________ (such as glucose) by autotrophic organisms by using sunlight, ____________ gas, and _________________.

16. What are the two main steps of photosynthesis? 1.________________ 2.________________ Cycle

17. In addition to the wave-like nature of light, light consists of discrete particles called. Page 5 The Nature of Light photons

18. What happens in the light reaction? Green ______________ pigment embedded in the ________________________ captures the light energy ____________ from the sun. ____________(e-) are taken from __________, and are excited to a higher energy state by the light captured by the chlorophyll pigment.

19. What happens in the light reaction? A complex series of enzymatic reactions occur, and ____ molecules of oxygen gas (O 2 ) are created as a waste product. Meanwhile, the energy from the excited electrons is used to create the compounds, __ __ __ and __ __ __ __ __. Both ATP and NADPH are high energy compounds used to fuel the ____________ Cycle.

20. Summary of the Light Reaction

21. + + + + + + ADP PiPi ATP + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2e-4e- NADP+ NADPH

22. What happens in the Calvin Cycle? The energy from the ATP and NADPH is released when their ___________ are broken. The energy released from ATP and NADPH starts another series of enzymatic reactions in the ______________, where __CO 2 gas is captured and converted into monosaccharides such as glucose (_____________). Glucose serves as “food” or _________ energy for the plant.

23. PGAL

24. What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis? __H 2 O + __CO 2 + sunlight  C 6 H 12 O 6 + __O 2 (water) (carbon dioxide gas) (glucose) + (oxygen gas) LR CC CC LR LR = CC =

25. Pathway of Photosynthesis On your own, balance this equation: CO 2 + H 2 O + (Light)  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Reactants must equal Products 166 6 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 6 12 6 12 1818 Page 4