1. Disease prevalence at household level in smallholder livestock production system in Botswana Katjiuongua, H., Mbeha, B., Ntesang, K., Hendrickx, S. & Marobela, C. Policies for competitive livestock production 4-6 Mar. 2015. Gaborone, Botswana

2. Disease prevalence at household level Animal disease outbreaks: can be devastating Direct costs -Death of animals -Repercussions throughout the livestock chain -Human health and deaths Indirect costs -Lower productivity – slow growth, reduced efficiency of input use - Reduced access to markets Negatively affects competitiveness at household and national levels 2

3. Disease prevalence at household level Objective – Better understand livestock diseases prevalence at household level – Gauge: what is going on at household level Data – Survey of individual households – randomly selected (N = 596) – Participatory epidemiology (PE) - Serowe, Mahalapye, Boteti, Kasane and Selebi Phikwe (N= 699) Findings Way forward 3

4. Disease prevalence at household level Individual household survey: 4 Other - Contagious abortion (20%) - Ticks (16%) Goats: -Abortion -Diarrhea -Foot rot

5. Disease prevalence at household level Participatory epidemiology : 5 -Most can be prevented by vaccination -High occurrence of abortion -Consistent with sero results on leptospirosis -Kasane: different - fasciolosis

6. Disease prevalence at household level Participatory epidemiology 6 -Only 2 districts: hard to generalize -High occurrence of abortion -Need to explore leptospirosis in small ruminants

7. Disease prevalence at household level Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates 7 -High fatality rates from fasciolosis (asymptomatic) -High occurrence of lumpy skin

8. Disease prevalence at household level Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates 8 -Septicemic pasteurollosis is the cause for most mortality -High occurrence of abortion -Need to explore leptospirosis in small ruminants

9. Disease prevalence at household level 9 Animal health care -Extension agents most important source of animal health information -Animal health provider and input supplier -Use govt. veterinarians – 80% Average expenditure (BWP in 2012) - livestock Deworming281 Curative302 Vaccination226 Ticks control253

10. Disease prevalence at household level 10 Way Forward -Need to investigate leptospirosis in small ruminants and its zoonotic aspects -Investing in internal and external parasites to prevent loss of animal due to disease – important -High worm (burden) – occurrence -Further analysis - look at factors affecting adoption of technologies and preventive measures of specific diseases at household levels

11. 11 Thank you