1. T9.1 Chapter Outline Chapter 9 Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria Chapter Organization 9.1Net Present Value 9.2The Payback Rule 9.3The Discounted Payback 9.4The Average Accounting Return 9.5The Internal Rate of Return 9.6The Profitability Index 9.7The Practice of Capital Budgeting 9.8Summary and Conclusions Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 CLICK MOUSE OR HIT SPACEBAR TO ADVANCE

2. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Methods for Capital Budgeting Decisions 1- Methods which do not consider the time value of money: * Payback Method * Average Accounting Return 2- Method that does consider the time value of money: Net Present Value (NPV) Method Discounted payback period, IRR, and PI

3. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 The net-present-value (NPV) method is a discounted-cash-flow approach to capital budgeting that computes the present value of all expected future cash flows using a minimum desired rate of return. Net Present Value (NPV) Method

4. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.2 NPV Illustrated Assume you have the following information on Project X: Initial outlay -$1,100Required return = 10% Annual cash revenues and expenses are as follows: Year Revenues Expenses 1 $1,000 $500 2 2,000 1,000 Draw a time line and compute the NPV of project X.

5. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.2 NPV Illustrated (concluded) 0 1 2 Initial outlay ($1,100) Revenues$1,000 Expenses500 Cash flow$500 Revenues$2,000 Expenses1,000 Cash flow$1,000 – $1,100.00 +454.55 +826.45 +$181.00 1 $500 x 1.10 1 $1,000 x 1.10 2 NPV

6. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.3 Underpinnings of the NPV Rule Why does the NPV rule work? And what does “work” mean? Look at it this way: A “firm” is created when securityholders supply the funds to acquire assets that will be used to produce and sell a good or a service; The market value of the firm is based on the present value of the cash flows it is expected to generate; Additional investments are “good” if the present value of the incremental expected cash flows exceeds their cost; Thus, “good” projects are those which increase firm value - or, put another way, good projects are those projects that have positive NPVs! Moral of the story: Invest only in projects with positive NPVs.

7. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 The Payback Method The payback period is the length of time that it takes for a project to recover its initial cost out of the cash receipts that it generates. When the net annual cash inflow is the same each year, this formula can be used to compute the payback period: When the net annual cash inflow is the same each year, this formula can be used to compute the payback period: The payback period is the length of time that it takes for a project to recover its initial cost out of the cash receipts that it generates. When the net annual cash inflow is the same each year, this formula can be used to compute the payback period: When the net annual cash inflow is the same each year, this formula can be used to compute the payback period: Payback period = Investment required Net annual cash inflow

8. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 The Payback Method Payback period = Investment required Investment required Net annual cash inflow Payback period = $140,000 $35,000 $35,000 Payback period = 4.0 years According to the company’s criterion, management would invest in the espresso bar because its payback period is less than 5 years.

9. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.4 Payback Rule Illustrated Initial outlay -$1,000 YearCash flow 1$200 2400 3600 Accumulated YearCash flow 1$200 2600 31,200 Payback period = 2 2/3 years

10. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Evaluation of the Payback Method Ignores the time value of money. Ignores cash flows after the payback period. Short-comings of the Payback Period.

11. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.5 Discounted Payback Illustrated Initial outlay -$1,000 R = 10% PV of Year Cash flow Cash flow 1$ 200$ 182 2400331 3700526 4300205 Accumulated Year discounted cash flow 1$ 182 2513 31,039 41,244 Discounted payback period is just under 3 years

12. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.6 Ordinary and Discounted Payback (Table 9.3) Cash Flow Accumulated Cash Flow Year Undiscounted Discounted Undiscounted Discounted 1$100$89$100$89 210079200168 310070300238 410062400300 510055500355

13. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.7 Average Accounting Return Illustrated Average net income: Year 1 2 3 Sales$440$240$160 Costs22012080 Gross profit22012080 Depreciation808080 Earnings before taxes140400 Taxes (25%)35100 Net income$105$30$0 Average net income = ($105 + 30 + 0)/3 = $45

14. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.7 Average Accounting Return Illustrated (concluded) Average book value: Initial investment = $240 Average investment = ($240 + 0)/2 = $120 Average accounting return (AAR): Average net income $45 AAR = = = 37.5% Average book value $120

15. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.8 Internal Rate of Return Illustrated Initial outlay = -$200 Year Cash flow 1$ 50 2100 3150 Find the IRR such that NPV = 0 50 100 150 0 = -200 + + + (1+IRR) 1 (1+IRR) 2 (1+IRR) 3 50 100 150 200 = + + (1+IRR) 1 (1+IRR) 2 (1+IRR) 3

16. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.8 Internal Rate of Return Illustrated (concluded) Trial and Error Discount ratesNPV 0%$100 5%68 10%41 15%18 20%-2 IRR is just under 20% -- about 19.44%

17. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Year Cash flow 0– $275 1100 2100 3100 4100 T9.9 Net Present Value Profile Discount rate 2% 6% 10% 14% 18% 120 100 80 60 40 20 Net present value 0 – 20 – 40 22% IRR

18. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Assume you are considering a project for which the cash flows are as follows: Year Cash flows 0 -$252 1 1,431 2 -3,035 3 2,850 4 -1,000 T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return

19. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (continued) What’s the IRR? Find the rate at which the computed NPV = 0: at 25.00%:NPV = _______ at 33.33%:NPV = _______ at 42.86%:NPV = _______ at 66.67%:NPV = _______

20. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (continued) What’s the IRR? Find the rate at which the computed NPV = 0: at 25.00%:NPV = 0 at 33.33%:NPV = 0 at 42.86%:NPV = 0 at 66.67%:NPV = 0 Two questions:  1.What’s going on here?  2.How many IRRs can there be?

21. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.10 Multiple Rates of Return (concluded) $0.06 $0.04 $0.02 $0.00 ($0.02) NPV ($0.04) ($0.06) ($0.08) 0.20.280.360.440.520.60.68 IRR = 1/4 IRR = 1/3 IRR = 3/7 IRR = 2/3 Discount rate

22. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.11 IRR, NPV, and Mutually Exclusive Projects Discount rate 2% 6% 10% 14%18% 60 40 20 0 – 20 – 40 Net present value – 60 – 80 – 100 22% IRR A IRR B 0 140 120 100 80 160 Year 0 1 2 3 4 Project A:– $35050100150200 Project B:– $2501251007550 26% Crossover Point

23. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Internal Rate of Return Method Decker Company can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. Decker Company can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. The machine has a 10-year life. The machine has a 10-year life. Decker Company can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. Decker Company can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. The machine has a 10-year life. The machine has a 10-year life.

24. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Internal Rate of Return Method Future cash flows are the same every year in this example, so we can calculate the internal rate of return as follows: Investment required Net annual cash flows PV factor for the internal rate of return = $104, 320 $20,000 = 5.216

25. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Internal Rate of Return Method 14% Find the 10-period row, move across until you find the factor 5.216. Look at the top of the column and you find a rate of 14%. Using the present value of an annuity of $1 table...

26. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Internal Rate of Return Method Decker Company can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. The machine has a 10-year life. internal rate of return The internal rate of return on this project is 14%. If the internal rate of return is equal to or greater than the company’s required rate of return, the project is acceptable.

27. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.12 Profitability Index Illustrated Now let’s go back to the initial example - we assumed the following information on Project X: Initial outlay -$1,100Required return = 10% Annual cash benefits: YearCash flows 1 $ 500 2 1,000 What’s the Profitability Index (PI)?

28. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.12 Profitability Index Illustrated (concluded) Previously we found that the NPV of Project X is equal to: ($454.55 + 826.45) - 1,100 = $1,281.00 - 1,100 = $181.00. The PI = PV inflows/PV outlay = $1,281.00/1,100 = 1.1645. This is a good project according to the PI rule. Can you explain why? It’s a good project because the present value of the inflows exceeds the outlay.

29. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Ranking Investment Projects Profitability Present value of cash inflows index Investment required = The higher the profitability index, the more desirable the project. The higher the profitability index, the more desirable the project.

30. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.13 Summary of Investment Criteria I. Discounted cash flow criteria A. Net present value (NPV). The NPV of an investment is the difference between its market value and its cost. The NPV rule is to take a project if its NPV is positive. NPV has no serious flaws; it is the preferred decision criterion. B. Internal rate of return (IRR). The IRR is the discount rate that makes the estimated NPV of an investment equal to zero. The IRR rule is to take a project when its IRR exceeds the required return. When project cash flows are not conventional, there may be no IRR or there may be more than one. C. Profitability index (PI). The PI, also called the benefit-cost ratio, is the ratio of present value to cost. The profitability index rule is to take an investment if the index exceeds 1.0. The PI measures the present value per dollar invested.

31. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.13 Summary of Investment Criteria (concluded) II. Payback criteria A. Payback period. The payback period is the length of time until the sum of an investment’s cash flows equals its cost. The payback period rule is to take a project if its payback period is less than some prespecified cutoff. B. Discounted payback period. The discounted payback period is the length of time until the sum of an investment’s discounted cash flows equals its cost. The discounted payback period rule is to take an investment if the discounted payback is less than some prespecified cutoff. III. Accounting criterion A. Average accounting return (AAR). The AAR is a measure of accounting profit relative to book value. The AAR rule is to take an investment if its AAR exceeds a benchmark.

32. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.14 Chapter 9 Quick Quiz 1. Which of the capital budgeting techniques do account for both the time value of money and risk? 2. The change in firm value associated with investment in a project is measured by the project’s _____________. a. Payback period b. Discounted payback period c. Net present value d. Internal rate of return 3. Why might one use several evaluation techniques to assess a given project?

33. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.14 Chapter 9 Quick Quiz 1. Which of the capital budgeting techniques do account for both the time value of money and risk? Discounted payback period, NPV, IRR, and PI 2. The change in firm value associated with investment in a project is measured by the project’s Net present value. 3. Why might one use several evaluation techniques to assess a given project? To measure different aspects of the project; e.g., the payback period measures liquidity, the NPV measures the change in firm value, and the IRR measures the rate of return on the initial outlay.

34. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.15 Solution to Problem 9.3 Offshore Drilling Products, Inc. imposes a payback cutoff of 3 years for its international investment projects. If the company has the following two projects available, should they accept either of them? YearCash Flows ACash Flows B 0-$30,000-$45,000 1 15,000 5,000 2 10,000 10,000 3 10,000 20,000 4 5,000 250,000

35. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.15 Solution to Problem 9.3 (concluded) Project A: Payback period = 1 + 1 + ($30,000 - 25,000)/10,000 =2.50 years Project B: Payback period = 1 + 1 + 1 + ($45,000 - 35,000)/$250,000 = 3.04 years Project A’s payback period is 2.50 years and project B’s payback period is 3.04 years. Since the maximum acceptable payback period is 3 years, the firm should accept project A and reject project B.

36. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.16 Solution to Problem 9.7 A firm evaluates all of its projects by applying the IRR rule. If the required return is 18 percent, should the firm accept the following project? YearCash Flow 0-$30,000 1 25,000 2 0 3 15,000

37. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.16 Solution of Problem 9.7 (concluded) To find the IRR, set the NPV equal to 0 and solve for the discount rate: NPV = 0 = -$30,000 + $25,000/(1 + IRR) 1 + $0/(1 + IRR) 2 +$15,000/(1 + IRR) 3 At 18 percent, the computed NPV is ____. So the IRR must be (greater/less) than 18 percent. How did you know?

38. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 T9.16 Solution of Problem 9.7 (concluded) To find the IRR, set the NPV equal to 0 and solve for the discount rate: NPV = 0 = -$30,000 + $25,000/(1 + IRR) 1 + $0/(1 + IRR) 2 +$15,000/(1 + IRR) 3 At 18 percent, the computed NPV is $316. So the IRR must be greater than 18 percent. We know this because the computed NPV is positive. By trial-and-error, we find that the IRR is 18.78 percent.

39. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Quick Check Consider the following two investments: Project XProject Y Initial investment$100,00$100,000 Year 1 cash inflow$60,000$60,000 Year 2 cash inflow$40,000$35,000 Year 3-10 cash inflows$0$25,000 Which project has the shortest payback period? a. Project X b. Project Y c. Cannot be determined Consider the following two investments: Project XProject Y Initial investment$100,00$100,000 Year 1 cash inflow$60,000$60,000 Year 2 cash inflow$40,000$35,000 Year 3-10 cash inflows$0$25,000 Which project has the shortest payback period? a. Project X b. Project Y c. Cannot be determined

40. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 Consider the following two investments: Project XProject Y Initial investment$100.000$100,000 Year 1 cash inflow$60,000$60,000 Year 2 cash inflow$40,000$35,000 Year 3-10 cash inflows$0$25,000 Which project has the shortest payback period? a. Project X b. Project Y c. Cannot be determined Consider the following two investments: Project XProject Y Initial investment$100.000$100,000 Year 1 cash inflow$60,000$60,000 Year 2 cash inflow$40,000$35,000 Year 3-10 cash inflows$0$25,000 Which project has the shortest payback period? a. Project X b. Project Y c. Cannot be determined Quick Check Project X has a payback period of 2 years.Project X has a payback period of 2 years. Project Y has a payback period of slightly more than 2 years.Project Y has a payback period of slightly more than 2 years. Which project do you think is better?Which project do you think is better?