1. Urbanization
The primary rationale for planning

2. An Understanding of Urbanization
There is a strength in numbers
Security
Social Interaction
Economic Agglomeration
Olynthos, Greece 423 B.C.

3. An Understanding of Urbanization
There is a strength in numbers
Security
Social Interaction
Economic Agglomeration

4. Flatiron Building, NYC http://pixhost.me/pictures/1729398
Early U.S. Cities
1800
5 million persons
300,000 in cities
1900
30 million persons
76 million in cities
Growth rate ( )
2.4% National
5% Urban
Flatiron Building, NYC

5. What Contributed to Urban Growth?
Natural Increase and Immigration
Agricultural Productivity
Industry and Mass Production
Low-cost Transportation

6. Population Growth Natural Increase Births - Deaths
Affluence in Cities (relative)
Immigration
Fleeing desperate situations
Drawn to Opportunities
Immigrants at Castle Garden, NY

7. Agricultural Productivity
Productivity, defined
Creating a push from rural areas to the city

8. Mass Production More work for more people
Industrialization of many goods required workers
Wages, jobs and standards of living were greater in cities
Mass production created more, cheaper goods for everyone
the ability to buy those goods was another matter entirely

9. Low Cost Transport Railroads Canal Systems Import / Export
Agricultural goods
Manufactured goods

10. Urban Density Largely Explained by Industrialization
Agglomeration economies emerged
Transportation
Comparative costs of water vs land transport

11. Urban Density

12. City / Suburb Dynamic Growth, often seen as parasitic
Difference in rate of growth, not absolute growth

13. Explanation for Growth
Transportation Technology / Infrastructure
Federal Policies
Affluence of Population
Suburbanization of Employment