2. AP Biology WELCOME BACK 132 Days till the May 14 th, 2012 AP Biology Exam!

3. AP Biology RACE TO THE HSA As a class, your goal is to maintain 10 points each class period! Class points are TAKEN OFF based off of the following: 1. Tardy to class 2.Not following directions/classroom expectations Ex: Not being seated when the bell rings 3. Behavioral issues

4. AP Biology RACE TO THE HSA  THE CLASS WITH THE MOST NUMBER OF POINTS AT THE END OF EACH MONTH WILL RECEIVE A REWARD FOR ALL OF THE HARD WORK!  REWARDS INCLUDE…  BREAKFAST/PIZZA PARTY  FUN LAB  FIELDTRIP  GUEST SPEAKERS

5. AP Biology 2006-2007 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

6. AP Biology 2006-2007 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP

7. AP Biology Harvesting stored energy  Energy is stored in organic molecules  carbohydrates, fats, proteins  Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules  food  digest organic molecules to get…  raw materials for synthesis  fuels for energy  controlled release of energy  “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

8. AP Biology Harvesting stored energy  Cellular Respiration – process by which cells convert the energy in glucose into usable ATP. C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6H 2 O6CO 2  + ++ RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP (+ heat) ATP glucose glucose + oxygen  energy + water + carbon dioxide respiration O2O2 + heat enzymes ATP

9. AP Biology How do we harvest energy from fuels?  Digest large molecules into smaller ones  break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another  as electrons move they “carry energy” with them  that energy is stored in another bond, released as heat or harvested to make ATP e-e- ++ e-e- +– loses e-gains e-oxidizedreduced oxidationreduction redox e-e-

10. AP Biology How do we move electrons in biology?  Moving electrons in living systems  electrons cannot move alone in cells  electrons move as part of H atom  move H = move electrons p e + H + H +– loses e-gains e-oxidizedreduced oxidationreduction C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ oxidation reduction H e-e-

11. AP Biology Coupling oxidation & reduction  REDOX reactions in respiration  release energy as breakdown organic molecules  break C-C bonds  strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms  C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 = the fuel has been oxidized  O 2  H 2 O = oxygen has been reduced C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ oxidation reduction

12. AP Biology Oxidation & reduction  Oxidation  removing H  loss of electrons  releases energy  exergonic  Reduction  adding H  gain of electrons  stores energy  endergonic C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ oxidation reduction

13. AP Biology Moving electrons in respiration  Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around  NAD + = coenzyme derived from Niacin (vitamin); acts as a H+ and e- acceptor. An ENERGY CARRIER! + H reduction oxidation P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O C C O NH 2 N+N+ H adenine ribose sugar phosphates NAD + nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin P O–O– O–O– O –O–O P O–O– O–O– O –O–O C C O NH 2 N+N+ H NADH carries electrons as a reduced molecule How efficient! Build once, use many ways H

14. AP Biology Overview of cellular respiration  4 metabolic stages  Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis  respiration without O 2  in cytosol  Aerobic respiration  respiration using O 2  in mitochondria 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 ATP6H 2 O6CO 2  +++ (+ heat )

15. AP Biology Cellular Respiration Glucose Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Aerobic Respiration (Krebs Cycle & ETC) Glycolysis Oxygen AbsentOxygen Present ATP

16. AP Biology 2006-2007 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP

17. AP Biology Cellular Respiration Jigsaw  You are responsible for teaching your classmates the vital processes of cellular respiration  7 people per group  Glycolysis  Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)  Electron Transport Chain  Alcohol fermentation  Lactic Acid fermentation  For each process include the following:  Location in the cell  Brief description of the process  Reactants/products  Molecules that are helpful/essential during the process