1. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm1 Database Management Systems (DBMS) www.desiamore.com/ifm

2. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm2 An Integrated of :- Introduction –Fundamentals of database –File Processing Database processing Common database software Database Management Systems (DBMS) Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) Data Normalization Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) Implementation of a Relational Database using a RDBMS

3. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm3 Recommended Readings Leon, A. and Leon,M (2002) Database Management Systems,Dar es Salaam University Press Narang, Rajesh (2004) Database Management Systems, New Delhi David Kroenke (2002), Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design and Implementation, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River NJ Thomas M. Connolly and Carolyn E. Begg (2002), Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 3rd Edition, Addison- Wesley, Harlow England. –Note, Additional Readings shall be provided if necessary.

4. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm4 Outline –Fundamentals of Database –File Processing –Advantages & Disadvantages of File Process Approach –Data Processing –Data Management –Data Independence –Data Administration Roles

5. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm5 Assessment You will be assessed through continuous assessments (Coursework) that comprise of two compulsory Tests, quizzes and assignments You are required to seat for a final examination at the end of the semester II CourseWork carries 40% Final Examination carries 60%

6. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm6 Fundamentals of Database Computer uses databases by using a set of well defined rules. Example, Assume that each card in the mailbox has five lines of data items, namely as:- – Name, Locality, City, State and Pin_Code –These fields combined to form a record. –Generally, A database contains the following. Field Record File Database Key Field

7. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm7 Fundamentals of Database……. Figure 1 Illustrates the concepts of Fields, Records, and Files

8. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm8 Fundamentals of Database……. Field –The smallest piece of meaningful information in a file is called a data item or Field. –A data item is generally used for a group of alphanumeric characters. –Example, Name, Locality, City, State, Pin_Code are all known as Data Items or Fields as shown in figure 1

9. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm9 Fundamentals of Database……. Record –Collection of related fields –Example, Figure 1 contains four records and each record has five related fields namely as Name, Locality, City, State and Pin_Code File –Is the Collection of all related records. –Example, in figure 1, the file contains the list of addresses of four friends.

10. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm10 Fundamentals of Database……. Figure 2 illustrates the concepts of Fields, Records, Files and Database

11. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm11 Fundamentals of Database……. Database –Database is a collection of related files. –A database is an organised collection of facts –Is a Collection of information arranged and presented to serve an assigned purpose –Examples- A dictionary, where words are arranged alphabetically Telephone directory where subscriber names are listed in alphabetic order. Figure 2 shows Employees Database having related files containing records of employees

12. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm12 Fundamentals of Database……. Key Field – The Keyfield in a record is a unique data item which is used to identify the record for the purpose of accessing and manipulating database –In figure 2, File 1 contains employee records with fields Emp_Code and Address, File 2 contains employee records with fields Emp_Code and Salary File 3 contains employee records with fields Emp_Code and Name All the three files have one common field, namely Emp_Code, this field is called the Keyfield – Is used for identifying and relating records

13. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm13 File Processing Data, Information, Knowledge INFERENCES FORECASTS DECISIONS DATA  INFORMATION  KNOWLEDGE

14. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm14 File Processing………. Data –Are raw facts which can be manipulated –Data is required in the operation of any organisation and the same or similar data may be required for various purposes Information –The manipulation of data, simply information is summarization of data in presentable form –Data consists of facts which become information when they are processed and convey meaning to people. –Information is the backbone of any organisation –Information is the critical factor that enables managers and organisations to gain a competitive advantage. It can be considered as the most critical resource of an organisation.

15. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm15 File Processing………. Information……….. –It is the indispensable link that ties together all the components of an organisation for better operation and coordination and for survival in today’s brutally competitive environment. Definition, Information is ‘data that have been put into a meaningful and useful context and communicated to a recipient who uses it to make decision’ (Burch and Grudnitski,1989)

16. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm16 File Processing………. Information……. –It involves the communication and recipient of intelligence or knowledge –It should predict the future with reasonable level of accuracy –It should help the managers make the best decision and a prevent them from taking wrong decision –It consists of data, images, text, documents and voice often inextricably intertwined but always organised in a meaningful context.

17. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm17 File Processing………. Information…….. –Notice that the data that is being processed or refined can be input, stored or both and this formulates the cycle of information, refer figure 3. –Example, If orders and payments are data, then balance_due and quantity_in_hand would be the information Knowledge –Refers to as the facts, events and inference rules used by a computer program in order to operate intelligently. –It refers to a person’s capability and wisdom as how much that person knows about one particular subject

18. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm18 File Processing………. Figure 3, Information Cycle

19. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm19 File Processing………. Information Processing –Information processing is the acquisition, storage, organisation retrieval, display and dissemination of information –Quality information means that the information that is –Accurate –Timely –Relevant

20. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm20 File Processing………. Files, File organisation and Management File –A file is a collection of bytes stored as an individual entity –All data on disk is stored as a file with an assigned file name that is unique within the directory it resides it. –To the computer, a file is the series of bytes –The structure of a file is known to the software that manipulate it.

21. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm21 File Processing………. File….. –It contains data that is needed for information processing –These data is called entities, An entity is anything about which information can be stored, examples, physical object, a person, concept or event and so on –An attribute is a characteristic of interest about an entity.

22. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm22 File Processing………. File…….. –The values of the attributes describe a particular entity. –An Instance of the entity is represented by a set of specific values for each of the attributes Examples, Entity – a car Attributes (car) –Make, Model, Price, Eng. Capacity Instances (car) –Mercedes-benz, S500, £12,000, 4956cc

23. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm23 File Processing………. File……….. –In data storage, data items are usually grouped together to describe an entity There are different types of files, –Master files –Transaction files –Report files

24. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm24 File Processing………. Master files –A file of relatively permanent information about entities –These files are used as a source of reference data for processing transactions and accumulated information based on the transaction data. –Example, the accounts master file in a bank will contain details like account name, balance, address and so on

25. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm25 File Processing………. Transaction Files –A collection of records describing activities or transactions by organisation. –Created as a result of transactions and preparing transaction documents –Are used to update the details in the master file –Example in the same bank system, the day- to-day activities like money withdrawals, deposits and transfers.

26. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm26 File Processing………. Report Files –A file created by extracting data to prepare a report –Example, All accounts sorted by account number containing the details like account name, balance and so on

27. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm27 File Processing………. Operations on Files –There are mainly two kinds of file operations Retrieval and Update operations –Retrieval operations do not change the contents of the file thus it only locates records in the file matching certain specific criteria –Update operations change the contents of the file by modifying the records, deleting (delete) the records and inserting (Insert) new records

28. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm28 File Processing………. Operations on Files…… –The following five operations are required for the processing of records in files File creation Records location Record creation Record deletion Record modification

29. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm29 File Processing………. File Organisation –A technique for physically arranging the records of a file on secondary storage devices –Factors necessary to be considered when choosing the file organisation Speed of data retrieval Speed of processing data Speed of update operations Storage space Security

30. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm30 File Processing………. File organisation….. –Two types of file organisation are Sequential file organisation and Direct file organisation –Sequential file organisation Records are stored in some predetermined sequence one after the other It contains one field referred to as Primary Key Primary Key usually determines their sequence or order

31. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm31 File Processing………. Sequential file organisation…. –A primary key is a field ( or set of fields) whose contents is unique to one record and can therefore be used to identify that record. –Example, Student_ID, Customer_ID, Emp_ID and so on –Sequential file organisation is very common because it makes effective use of the least expensive secondary storage device –the magnetic tape

32. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm32 File Processing………. Sequential file organisation…. –Records must be processed and accessed sequentially –It means when using sequential access to reach a particular record, all records preceding it most first be processed –Efficient when the entire file or an appreciable portion of the file must be processed together –Processing data using sequential access referred to as sequential file processing

33. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm33 File Processing………. Advantages of Sequential file processing –It uses magnetic tape, the least expensive method of secondary storage. –It is the most efficient form of organisation when the entire of file or most of it is processed at once –Transaction file and old master file together act as a back-up, it can be used to create the new master file when existing one damaged or destroyed

34. DeSiaMorewww.desiamore.com/ifm34 File Processing………. Disadvantages.. –Time factor –the time it takes to access a particular record may be too long for many applications –The entire file most be accessed and a new master file created, even if only one record requires maintenance or updating.