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Databases and Global Environmental Change Gilberto Câmara Diretor, INPE
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source: IGBP How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization? The fundamental question of our time
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Earth is a system of systems Human actions are changing the balance!
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Earth as a system
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sources: IPCC and WMO Impacts of global environmental change By 2020 in Africa, agriculture yields could be cut by up to 50%
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Precipitation anomalies [(2071-2100)- (1961-90)] in mm/day A2 Temperature anomalies [(2071-2100)- (1961-90)] in o C B2 Seco Quente Climate change scenarios in Brazil
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T min up 1 C! Source: (Obregón e Marengo, 2007) Average temp raised 0,7 C in 50 years in Brazil
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Fonte: Eduardo Assad, Embrapa Impacts on Agriculture
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Collapse of Amazon Rain Forest? source: Oyama and Nobre, 2003 Is there a tipping point for Amazonia? forest savanna caatinga pastures desert 2000 2100
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Hidrological Balance – NE Brazil Less Water for Agriculture! 1961-1990 2071-2100 Source: Marengo and Salati, 2007 Impacts on Water Availability in NE Brazil
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source: Greenpeace Amazônia in 2005
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Amazônia in 2015? fonte: Aguiar et al., 2004
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Great challenge: Database support for earth system science source: NASA
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Global Change Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change?
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Global Land Project What are the drivers and dynamics of variability and change in terrestrial human- environment systems? How is the provision of environmental goods and services affected by changes in terrestrial human- environment systems? What are the characteristics and dynamics of vulnerability in terrestrial human- environment systems?
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Data chain in Earth System Science fonte: NASA
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150 TF 5 TF 2 TF 40 GF 8 GF #1 trend INPE´s supercomputers and world´s TOP 500 #500 trend INPE (MPP equivalent peak performance) Sum top 500
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Índice de Vegetação Large Scale Data Earth System Science Data Handling PetaFlop Centres CO 2 Emissions Megascenarios Regional Centers B1-low Regional Scenarios Policy Options
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Terrestrial Airborne Near- Space LEO/MEO Commercial Satellites and Manned Spacecraft Far- Space L1/HEO/GEO TDRSS & Commercial Satellites Deployable Permanent Forecasts & Predictions Aircraft/Balloon Event Tracking and Campaigns User Community Vantage Points Capabilities Global Earth Observation System of Systems
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Weather and climate source: WMO 11,000 land stations (3000 automated) 900 radiosondes, 3000 aircraft 6000 ships, 1300 buoys 5 polar, 6 geostationary satellites
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ARGOS Data Collection System (16000 plats) 650,000 messages processed daily
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Tracking Positions collected over a fixed period of time Monitoring Data from remote stations, fixed or mobile Data collection services
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Argo bouy network
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I am the Walrus
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Models: From Global to Local Athmosphere, ocean, chemistry climate model (resolution 200 x 200 km) Atmosphere only climate model (resolution 50 x 50 km) Regional climate model (resolution e.g 10 x 10 km) Hydrology, Vegetation Soil Topography (e.g, 1 x 1 km) Regional land use change Socio-economic changes Adaptative responses (e.g., 10 x 10 m)
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Data integration enables crucial links between nature and society Nature: Physical equations Describe processes Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources
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augmented reality sensor networks mobile devices ST DBMS-21 ubiquitous images and maps Data-centered, mobile-enabled, contribution-based, field-based modelling
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Slides from LANDSAT Aral Sea Bolivia 1975 19922000 197319872000 source: USGS Databases and Change: A Research Programme Understanding how humans use space Predicting changes resulting from human actions Modeling the interaction between society and nature
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How can DBMS technology handle Earth System Science data? What algebra is needed for spatio-temporal data? How can this algebra be handled in an object- relational DBMS?
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Identity conditions on ST data Average temp for IPCC scenarios Continuous fields (x,y,z,t)
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land_cover cells in 1985 Identity conditions on ST data land_cover cells in 2000 Individual objects (id, {t,{(x,y,z)}})
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Identity conditions on ST data: Images “Remotely sensed images are ontologically instruments for capturing landscape dynamics” M. Silva, G.Câmara, M.I. Escada, R.C.M. Souza, “Remote Sensing Image Mining: Detecting Agents of Land Use Change in Tropical Forest Areas”. International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol 29 (16): 4803 – 4822, 2008.
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Landsat Image 13/Ago/2003 Identity conditions on ST data: Images
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Deforestation 13/Ago/2003 until 07/Mai/2004 Deforestation in 13/Aug/2003 (yellow) + deforestation from 13/Aug/2003 until 07/mai/2004 (red) Identity conditions on ST data: Images
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Deforestation on 21/May/2004 Deforestation in 13/Aug/2003 (yellow) + deforestation from 13/Aug/2003 until 07/May/2004 (red) + deforestation on 21/May/2004 (orange) Identity conditions on ST data: Images
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Identity conditions have uncertain cases! Furacão Catarina (março/2004) Imagem NASA
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Modelling change…from practice to theory Outiline of a theory for change modelling in spatio-temporal data
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What is a geo-sensor? measure (s,t) = v s ⋲ S - set of locations in space t ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values Basic spatio-temporal types S: set of locations (space) T: set of intervals (time) I: set of identifiers (objects) V: set of values (attributes)
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What is a geo-sensor? measure (s,t) = v s ⋲ S - set of locations in space t ⋲ T - is the set of times. v ⋲ V - set of values Field (static) field : S V The function field gives the value of every location of a space
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Slides from LANDSAT Aral Sea Bolivia snap (1973) Time-varying fields are modelled by snapshots snap : T Field snap : T (S V) The function snap produces a field with the state of the space at each time. snap (1987)snap (2000) snap (1975)snap (1992)snap (2000)
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Sensors: sources of continuous information
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Sensors: water monitoring in Brazilian Cerrado Wells observation 50 points 50 semimonthly time series (11/10/03 – 06/03/2007) Rodrigo Manzione, Gilberto Câmara, Martin Knotters
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Fixed sensors: time series (histories) Well 30 Well 40 Well 56 Well 57 hist: S (T V) each sensor (fixed location) produces a time series
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Evolving (modifiable) object life: I (T (S,V)) The function life produces the evolution of a modifiable object
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A life´s trajectory life : I ⟶ (T ⟶ (S,V)) The life of the object is also a trajectory
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Which objects are alive at time T and where are they? exist : T ⟶ (I ⟶ (S,V))
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Models: From Global to Local snap: T (S V) evolution of a landscape hist: S (T V) History of a location life : I (T (S,V)) the life of an object in space-time exist: T (I (S,V)) objects alive in a time T
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A model for time-varying geospatial data.... Temporal entity T-field (coverage set) T-object hist(o i ) (feature) snap(t) (coverage [t]) Feature instance[t] set has-a is-a has-a location has-a T-fields have snapshotsT-objects have histories
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ST DBMS as a basis for data integration Visualization (TerraView) Spatio-temporal Database (TerraLib) Modelling (TerraME) Data Mining(GeoDMA)Statistics (aRT)
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GIS-21: Dynamical modelling integrated in a spatio-temporal database Spatio-temporal database G. Câmara, L. Vinhas, G. Queiroz, K. Ferreira, A.M.V. Monteiro, M. Carvalho, MA Casanova. “TerraLib: An open-source GIS library for large-scale environmental and socio-economic applications”. In: B. Hall, M. Leahy (eds.), “Open Source Approaches to Spatial Data Handling”. Berlin, Springer, 2008.
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GIS-21: Dynamical modelling integrated in a spatio-temporal database
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Consolidated area GIE-21: Network-based analysis Emergent area Modelling beef chains in Amazonia
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GIS-21: Dynamical spatial modelling with Agents in Cell Spaces Cell Spaces Generalized Proximity Matrix – GPM Hybrid Automata model Nested scales TerraME: Based on functional programming concepts (second-order functions) to develop dynamical models Tiago Garcia de Senna Carneiro, “"Nested-CA: A Foundation for Multiscale Modelling of Land Use and Land Cover Change”. PhD Thesis, INPE, june 2006
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166-112 116-113 116-112 TerraAmazon – open source software for large-scale land change monitoring Spatial database (PostgreSQL with vectors and images) 2004-2008: 5 million polygons, 500 GB images
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RgeoR R data from geoR package. TerraLibTerraView Loaded into a TerraLib database, and visualized with TerraView. R-Terralib interface
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Earth System Science data management poses a major challenge for the database community We need new algebras and data representation and handling techniques to deal with ESS data Conclusions
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