1. SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

2. AFRICA’S PHYSIOGRAPHY

3. oil

4. Drakensberg Atlas Mts        Mt Kenya   Mt Kilimanjaro  Cape Ranges   MOUNTAINS

5. DJOUF CHAD SUDAN CONGO KALAHARI BASINSBASINS

6. NIGER SHAVI NILE CONGO ZAMBEZI RIVERSRIVERS

7. CLIMATE

8. VEGETATION

9. EARLY KINGDOMS

10. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

11. COLONIALISM EUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVES –A port along the West African coast –A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia –1500’s- looking for resources; Slaves –1850- industrial revolution occurs in Europe Increased demand for mineral resources Need to expand agricultural production

12. BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 14 States divided up Africa without consideration of culturesdivided up Africa Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814-1905), Turkey, and the United States of America.1814-1905 Of these, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major colonizers of Africa

13. BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 Resulting in superimposed boundaries -- African peoples were divided. -- Unified regions were ripped apart. -- Hostile societies were thrown together. -- Hinterlands were disrupted. -- Migration routes were closed off. When independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation.

14. French Britain Portugal Belgium Italy Spain Germany COLONIALISM

15. COLONIAL POLICIES Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) –Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown. France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) –Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)

16. Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) –First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independence –Maintained rigid control; raw resource oriented Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi) –Treated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them Belgium –Raw resource oriented; ignored the development of natives COLONIAL POLICIES

17. INDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICA 1950 1960 1970 INDEPENDENT

18. THE LEGACY Several hundred languages are spoken. Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda) and religions religions Low level of development is linked to colonization –Transportation facilities - Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets. –Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions. –Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets.

19. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

20. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S ECONOMIC CHALLENGE Economic growth rate- 1.5% - world’s lowest The region’s 646 million people have a combined GNP of less than $150 billion, roughly the same as Belgium and its 10 million people. Population - growing at a rate of 2.6% annually, vs 1.7% for South America and 1.9% for South Asia

21. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY Studies spatial aspects of disease and health Africa is an extraordinary laboratory. -- Disease incidence and diffusion -- Widespread nutritional deficiencies Millions suffer from: – malaria- river blindness – yellow fever- sleeping sickness – AIDS- bilharzia

22. Endemic -- Exists in equilibrium with the population -- Many develop an immunity of sorts -- Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens lives Epidemic -- Sudden outbreak at local, regional scale Pandemic -- Worldwide spread MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

23. MALARIA WIDESPREAD INCIDENCE

24. SLEEPING SICKNESS Tsetse Fly WIDESPREAD INCIDENCE

25. AIDS IN AFRICA 1990 Cases Per million <9 10-50 50-299 300-499 500+

26. AIDS IN AFRICA 1999 SOURCE: UNAIDS, 2000

27. Regions West Africa –Dominated by Nigeria

28. Regions Equatorial Africa –Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire) and others

29. Regions: East Africa

30. Regions: southern Africa

31. Nigeria British colony until 1960 Ethnic tensions –The “Biafra kids” of the civil war in the late 1960s Religious tensions –Islam and Christianity Another example of forward capital –From Lagos to Abuja Autoritarian rule –Until recent democratic reforms Oil rich

32. Dem. Rep. of Congo (Zaire) Remember “rumble in the jungle”? –Ali v. Foreman in 1974 Formerly the Belgian Congo Territory inhabited by ancient Negrito peoples (Pygmies) –who were pushed into the mountains by Bantu and Nilotic invaders. Belgian colony until 1960 Quickly slid into chaos and dictatorship –Mobutu Sese Seko