1. Europe Sub-regions

2. Mediterranean Europe Definitions city-state- a political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands republic- a government in which citizens elect representatives to rule in their name Crusades- a series of wars to take Palestine (Jerusalem) from the Muslims; holy wars Renaissance- a time of renewed interest in learning and the arts- 14 th -16 th Century Aqueducts-structures that carried water for long distances

3. Mediterranean Europe 3.What are the 2 great civilizations of ancient Europe? 1. Greece, Rome 4. What are 2 geography advantages that have helped the Mediterranean become the region where European civilization was born? 1. Mild climate, Mediterranean Sea encouraged trade 5. What legacy did ancient Athens leave for modern government? 1. Democracy 6. What spread through Europe starting in Rome’s territory of Jerusalem due to the Roman Empire? 1. Christianity

4. Mediterranean Europe 7. What helped Italian cities gain wealth and allowed them to grow into powerful city-states? 1. Crusades- boats carried crusades so ports became rich from foreign trade 8. How was the Renaissance an example of the movement of ideas? 1. Ideas spread 9. What effect did the empires of Spain and Portugal have on the rest of the world? (think about Latin America) 1. Spanish and Portuguese spread around the world; Catholicism 10. What is Rome’s cultural legacy in Mediterranean Europe today? 1. Latin evolved into Latin, Spanish, and Portuguese; Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox evolved during that time

5. Mediterranean Europe 11. How has Mediterranean Europe’s economy changed since WWII? a. Traditional farming and fishing are less important; service industries have grown; tourism 12. What are 2 major economic problems that the Mediterranean faces? a. Italy’s uneven economy (wealthier in North); Med doesn’t have energy resources- import

6. Mediterranean Europe 13. Who are the Basque? a. Group of people who live in the Pyrenees; don’t speak Spanish 14. What is the problem associated with the Basque? a. They are self governing but want complete independence and use violence to achieve it 15. Where are many people moving to in Mediterranean Europe? What problems is this creating? a. Cities; housing shortages, pollution, traffic

7. Western Europe Definitions Benelux- an economic union of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg Reformation- a period when many Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches Feudalism-political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land and gave it to nobles in exchange for military aid Nationalism- belief that people should be loyal to their nation Holocaust- mass murder of European Jews and other minorities Berlin Wall- divided Berlin into communist East and democratic West

8. Western Europe 3. Why are France and Germany the dominant countries of Western Europe?  Largest; access to resources, ports, and trade routes 4. How do language and religion reflect the cultural division in Western Europe?  French is a Roman language, while German is a Germanic language; France is mostly Catholic, Germany is more Protestant 5. How did the Reformation create new cultural divisions?  Created Protestantism- led to Catholics/Protestant division

9. Western Europe 6. How did nationalism lead to conflict?  Sparked French Revolutions; led to rivalry b/t nations often leading to wars 7. What political change occurred during the Middle Ages? How did this occur?  Development of nation states from feudalism; kings gained power over feudal lords and formed countries 8. How has Germany been divided in recent history?  Holocaust, Communism

10. Western Europe 9. Why is Western Europe’s economy so strong and wealthy?  Diverse economy- Ag, manufacturing, service, and high tech industries, tourism 10. Why do people believe their money is safer in Switzerland’s banks?  Because Switzerland refuses to fight in wars 11. What economic problems has Germany faced?  Unequal economy due to communism- today, very strong

11. Western Europe 12. What cultural legacy do we see from this region?  Music, art 13. How has immigration produced conflict in Western Europe?  Immigrants have been subject to racism and violence

12. Northern Europe Definitions Nordic countries- Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden Parliament- a representative lawmaking body whose members are elected or appointed Silicon Glen- section of Scotland b/t Glasgow and Edinburgh with many high tech companies Euro- European Union common currency

13. Northern Europe 3.What cultural impact did the British Empire have in many parts of the world?  Spread English language and culture 4. What geographic advantages helped Great Britain build its empire?  Iron ore and coal- industrial revolution; island- protected it from invasion and encouraged the development of a navy 5. How have Northern European countries advanced representative government?  Magna Carta- trial by jury, no taxation w/o representation, parliament 6. How did the Industrial Revolution motivate Britain to build an empire?  Britain’s colonies were a source of raw materials and also markets for finish goods 7. How did the English cause long standing and continuing unrest in Ireland?  Seized Catholic lands and giving then to Scottish and English Protestants, created poverty

14. Northern Europe 8. What role do natural resources play in Europe’s economy?  Sweden- timber; Iceland- fishing; Norway-oil; trade; high tech; many natural resources 9. What is the European Union?  Economic, political union 10. Why do you think some countries chose not to use the Euro?  Their currency is worth more Eurozone

15. Northern Europe 11. How did the Reformation affect religion in Northern Europe?  Protestantism became dominant 12. Many countries in Northern Europe provide social welfare or services for their people. What does this mean? What kind of services do they provide?  Subsidized child care, national health care, national health insurance

16. Eastern Europe Definitions cultural crossroads- a place where various cultures cross paths Balkanization- process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units satellite nations- nations dominated by another country market economy- industries make the goods consumers want to buy (supply/demand) folk art- produced by rural people with traditional lifestyles instead of professional artists anti-Semitism-discrimination against Jewish people

17. Eastern Europe 3. Why have many empires tried to control Eastern Europe?  b/c it is a crossroads 4. What defines Eastern Europe as a cultural crossroads? What has this crossroad led to?  Its location b/t Asia and Europe; migration of many different people to the region  Diversity in the region 5. How has ethnicity led to turmoil in Eastern Europe?  Want their own nation states

18. Eastern Europe 6. Why did independent nation-states develop later in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe?  Eastern Europe had less history of self rule 7. Who controlled Eastern Europe after WWII?  Soviet Union- used Eastern Europe as a bufferzone 8. Why did Eastern European countries move from farming to industry?  Soviet union promoted industry 9. What problems existed in the Eastern European economy under Communist rule?  Factories were state owned and told what they could produce; factories were outdated and created heavy pollution (production was more important than the environment)

19. Eastern Europe 10. How has cultural diversity impacted Eastern Europe?  Lack unity and creates division 11. In what ways might extreme ethnic loyalty inhibit the development of democracy?  Democracy calls for cooperation- many groups hate each other and won’t work together 12. How has foreign control impacted the development of Eastern Europe?  Created diversity and lack of cooperation, lack of a strong economy, USSR- communism