1. Standards, Models, and Language The Internet Model: Widely used for network management. It is simple scalar model and, hence, easy to implement. The OSI Model: It is object-oriented and, hence, more complex and harder to implement.

2. Network Management Standards OSI/CMIP International standard (ISO/OSI) Management of data communication networks- LAN and WAN Deals with all seven layers Most complete Object oriented Well structured and layered Consumes large resource in implementation

3. Network Management Standards Cont. SNMP/Internet Industry standard (IETF) Originally intended for management of Internet components, currently adopted for WAN and Telecommunication systems Easy to implement Most widely implemented

4. Network Management Standards Cont. TMN International standard (ITU-T) Management of telecommunications network Based on OSI network management framework Addresses both network and administrative aspects of management

5. Network Management Standards Cont. IEEE IEEE standards adopted internationally Addresses management of LANs and MANs Adopts OSI standards significantly Deals with 1 st two layers of OSI Ref. Model Web-Based Management Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) Java Management Extensions (JMX)

6. Network Management Model OSI Network Management Model Network Management Organizational Model Information Model Communication Model Functional Model

7. OSI Network Management Model The organization model describes the components of network management system, their functions, and their infrastructure. It defines the terms object, agent and manager. The information model deals with the structure and organization of management information. It specifies the structure of management information (SMI), and the management database, Management Information Base (MIB).

8. OSI Network Management Model The communication model has three components: management application processes that function in the application layer, layer management between layers, layer operation within the layers. The functional model deals with the user- oriented requirements of network management. OSI defines five functional areas- FCAPS.

9. Organizational Model Network objects consists of network elements such as hosts, hubs, bridges, routers & so on They can be classified as managed and unmanaged elements. The managed elements have a management process running in them called agent. The manager communicates with the agent in the managed element. There is a database in the manager, but not in the agent.

10. Organizational Model Cont. The manager queries the agent and receives management data, processes it, and stores it in its database. The agent can also send a minimal set of alarm information to the manager unsolicited.

11. Organizational Model Cont. Two-Tier Network Management Organization Model Manager Managed objects Unmanaged objects MDB

12. Organizational Model Cont. 3-Tier Network Management Org. Model Managed Objects Agent/Manager Manager MDB

13. Organizational Model Cont. An intermediate system is used for making statistical measurement on a network and passes the info to the top level manager An intermediate network management system could be at a local site of a network and pass the info to a remote site NMS means a system that runs a management process. E.g. agent NMS and manager NMS

14. Information Model The representation of objects and information relevant to their management form the mngt. Information model. A figure in a book can be defined as ISBN, chapter, figure – this is the syntax (format) associated to the figure. Their meaning in a dictionary be the semantics (meaning) associated with them.

15. Information Model Cont. The Structure of Management Information (SMI) defines the syntax and semantics of management info stored in the MIB. The MIB is used by both agent and management processes to store and exchange management information. Agent MIB and Manager MIB.

16. Information Model Cont. Manager Managed objects Unmanaged objects MDB MIB

17. Information Model Cont. The manager has both management database (MDB) and the Management Info. Base (MIB). The MDB is a real database and contains the measured or administratively configured value of the elements of the network The MIB is a virtual database and contains the information necessary for processes to exchange information.

18. Information Model Cont. MIB contains data on managed objects Network elements: hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities Software Processes: programs, algorithms, protocol functions, databases Administrative Information: contact person, account number

19. Information Model Cont. OSI Management Information Tree Iso 1 ITU 0 Isu-itu 2 org 3 Dod 6 Internet 1 Root Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Internet as 1.3.6.1

20. Conceptual view of managed object – Internet Perspective Object Type: Object ID and Descriptor circle Access: Access privilege Syntax: model of object Defination: Semantics – texual description Status: Ipmplementation requirement

21. Internet Perspective A managed object in the Internet model is defined by five parameters: Object identifier and descriptor Unique ID and name for the object type SyntaxUsed to model the object AccessAccess privilege to a managed object StatusImplementation requirements DefinitionTexual description of the semantics of object type

22. Internet Perspective Packet Counter as an example of a managed Object CharacteristicsExample Object typePktCounter SyntaxCounter AccessRead-only StatusMandatory DescriptionCounts number of packets

23. Communication Model Manager Applications Agent Network Elements/ Managed Objects Operations/ Requests Responses Notifications/ Traps

24. Communication Model Three aspects need to be addressed: - Transport medium of message exchange (Transport protocol) - Message format of communication (Application protocol) - The actual message (Commands and responses)

25. Abstract Syntax Notation One: ASN.1 To communicate, a formalized set of rules be agreed upon regarding the structure and meaning of the language- syntax & semantics ASN.1 is a formal language developed jointly by ITU-T and ISO for use with application We define abstract syntax as the set of rules used to specify data types and structures for storage of information Transfer syntax represents the set of rules for communicating between systems.

26. ASN.1 Continued The abstract syntax in ASN.1 makes it independent of the lower-layer protocols. :: here “ ” denotes an entity and the symbol “::” represent “defined as”. ::0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 the symbol “|” represents “or” :: + | - | * | /

27. ASN.1 Continued :: | The number 9 is the digit 9 The number 19 is the concat of digit 1 and number 9, and the number 219 is the concat of the digit 2 with the number 19. :: BOOLEAN – Data type assignment and name of the entity. :: TRUE | FALSE – Value assignment.

28. ASN.1 Continued Primitive data types: INTEGER, REAL, NULL, AND GraphicString Other kinds of data alternative:CHOICE list:SET and SEQUENCE repetition:SET OF and SEQUENCE OF

29. ASN.1 Continued A formal definition of module: DEFINITION :: BEGIN :: END

30. ASN.1 Symbols SymbolMeaning ::=Defined as or assignment |Or, alternatives, options of a list -Signed number --Following the symbol are comments { }Start and end of a list [ ]Start and end of a tag ( )Start and end of a subtype..Range

31. ASN.1 Keywords KeywordBrief Description BEGINStart of an ASN.1 module CHOICEList of alternatives EXPORTSData types exported to other modules IDENTIFIERA sequence of non-negative numbers IMPORTSData types defined in external modules NULLA placeholder OBJECTUniquely identifies an object OCTETUnbounded 8-bit bytes of binary data STRINGUsed with OCTET for denoting string

32. ASN.1 Data Type Data TypeExample Object namesysDescr, etherStatsPkts Application data typeCounter, IpAddress ModulePersonnelRecord Macro, MIB moduleRMON-MIB KeywordsINTEGER, BEGIN

33. Objects and Data Types BookPageNumber ::= SEQUENCE {ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber} BookPages ::= SEQUENCE OF { SEQUENCE {ChapterNumber,Separator,PageNumber} }

34. Universal Class Tag Assignment TagType NameSet of Values Universal 1BOOLEANTRUE or FALSE Universal 2INTEGER0,+/- numbers Universal 3BIT STRINGA string of Binary/NULL Universal 4OCTET STRING A string of octets or null set Universal 5NULLNull, single valued Universal 6OBJ IDENTAssociated with object Universal 10 ENUMERATED Specified list of Integer

35. Enumerated Type ErrorStatus ::= INTEGER { noError(0) tooBig(1) noSuchName(2) badValues(3) readOnly(4) genErr(5) }