1. ROME The Republic The Empire

2. The Origins of Rome 3 founding groups 3 founding groups Latin shepherds Latin shepherds Greek colonies Greek colonies Etruscan settlements Etruscan settlements

3. Geography Excellent location Excellent location Built on the Tiber River Built on the Tiber River Mountainous Mountainous Mid-point of Italian peninsula Mid-point of Italian peninsula Center of Mediterranean Sea Center of Mediterranean Sea

4. Roman Religion Polytheistic Polytheistic Blending of Greek and Roman religions Blending of Greek and Roman religions

5. Social Organization Family Family Gravitas Gravitas(seriousness) Role of fathers was important Role of fathers was important Role of women was less important Role of women was less important Classes Classes Patricians - upper class, wealthy landowners Patricians - upper class, wealthy landowners Plebeians - lower class, farmers, artisans and merchants Plebeians - lower class, farmers, artisans and merchants

6. Rome had a balanced government *form of democracy called a republic *written law code: the Twelve Tables Monarchy- consuls Monarchy- consuls Aristocracy- Senate Aristocracy- Senate Democracy- Election of Senators Democracy- Election of Senators Dictatorship -crisis times Dictatorship -crisis times

7. The plebeians made progress toward equality. Tribunes of the “Plebs’ Tribunes of the “Plebs’ –10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in the Senate –Were granted veto power Twelve tables - codified the laws Twelve tables - codified the laws Citizens’ Assemblies Citizens’ Assemblies –More democratic form of government –All adult, Roman males could attend and vote

8. Punic Wars Carthage vs. Rome Carthage vs. Rome Control of trade in Mediterranean Control of trade in Mediterranean Three separate wars Three separate wars Rome ultimately won but was weakened Rome ultimately won but was weakened Lead to rise of proletariat Lead to rise of proletariat

9. Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Military/government leader, gained popularity and power Military/government leader, gained popularity and power Tried to save the Republic Tried to save the Republic Made many reforms Made many reforms –Grants citizenship, expands senate, creates new jobs, starts colonies, increased pay for soldiers, Became dictator for life, 44 B.C.E. Became dictator for life, 44 B.C.E. People fear his growing power People fear his growing power Assassinated by group of senators Assassinated by group of senators Republic collapses at his death Republic collapses at his death

10. The Roman Empire  1 st emperor, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)  Ruled as Emperor Augustus for 41 years  Created a strong government  Civil service  Many problems after his death  Succession crisis  religion

11. Contributions of the Roman Empire Pax Romana: 207 years of peaceful rule Pax Romana: 207 years of peaceful rule Engineering Engineering –Aqueducts –Complex sewer system –Thermal baths –Series of highways –Coliseum

12. The Rise of Christianity Based on the teachings of Jesus Based on the teachings of Jesus Spread rapidly through empire Spread rapidly through empire Christians persecuted Christians persecuted

13. Fall of the Roman Empire Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome Social Decay - loss of loyalty for government Social Decay - loss of loyalty for government Weakened empire falls after Barbarian attacks (the Huns) Weakened empire falls after Barbarian attacks (the Huns)