1. Characteristics of an efficient transportation system - a well designed intra-city system - reasonable cost - high degree of safety and reliability - avoid unnecessary traffic flow - well maintained and managed

2. Causes of transport problems - increased demand - lack road space - inadequate transport facilities - lack of long term traffic improvement programme - mismanagement of transport facilities - lack of urban planning

3. Effects of transport problems - transport congestion - transport cost increases - travelling time increases - productivity decreases - more traffic accidents - loss of life and property - serious air pollution

4. Effects on land use pattern - hinder outward urban expansion - city remain compact - hinder function segregation - mixed land use pattern - high urban population density in city centre - hinder future growth

5. Solutions Better urban planning improve transport system improve public transport discourage using private cars more economic use of existing road surface