1. 1March 24, 2000California PX Demand Responsiveness Workshop Christensen Associates Lessons from California The Role of Demand Response Energy Markets in Turmoil Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies May 17, 2001 Steven Braithwait Christensen Associates

2. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop2May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Economic and engineering consulting for electric power industry 20 years of experience in designing and evaluating pricing strategies – –TOU –Real-time pricing (NiMo, Georgia Power, KCP&L) –Market-based interruptible load programs Unbundling; pricing transmission and ancillary services

3. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop3May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates The California Energy Crisis High wholesale prices Rolling blackouts Financial/debt crisis – bankruptcy State take-over of power purchases Charges of market manipulation

4. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop4May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates California Background -- Supply No new capacity in ’90s Utilities sold ½ of generation (fossil) to Duke, Dynegy, AES, Mirant, Reliant, etc. No long-term power contracts California imports 20 – 25% of power requirements (NW hydro; SW fossil) Tight capacity margin

5. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop5May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates California Background -- Demand Modest growth in early 90s Rapid growth since 1995 in Calif. and in the Southwest & Northwest Rate freeze, with 10% discount until 2002 (or when “stranded costs” recovered) SDG&E rate freeze lifted in 1999

6. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop6May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Background – Wholesale Markets All power bought and sold in spot market PX day-ahead energy; ISO real-time energy, reserves & ancillary services ISO price cap ($750/MWh  500  250) 30% + of energy left unscheduled for ISO real-time market on high-price days

7. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop7May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates PX Prices and ISO Load ( May – September 1999)

8. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop8May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates PX Prices and Total ISO Load (May 15 - August 31, 2000) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200002500030000350004000045000 MW $/MWh

9. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop9May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Utilities “Buy High” and “Sell Low” (May – August, 2000) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Average RevenueWholesale Costs (expected) Wholesale Costs (actual) $/MWh $65 $50 $126

10. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop10May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Financial Impacts of California Crisis Summer 2000 Wholesale costs – $13.5 billion (May – Sept.) Expected costs under rate freeze -- $5 billion Utility debt -- $8 billion (now $13 billion+) Customer cost of outages (e.g., $400 million for 4 days of rolling blackouts in early 2001)

11. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop11May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates What Went Wrong in Summer 2000? “Perfect storm” hit an already tight market –Unexpected outages –Low imports (low hydro, high demand outside) –High natural gas prices Market design problems –No hedging (financial effect) –Price caps (affected multiple markets) –Strategic bidding/withholding? No demand response (except San Diego)

12. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop12May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates What Continues to go Wrong? Financial/debt crisis continues –Utility debt from 2000 still exists –Generators not paid; some independents shutting down Continuing high natural gas prices Political/regulatory gridlock -- retail energy prices still below wholesale costs Insufficient capacity for summer No demand response (new buy-back and RTP programs planned for the summer)

13. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop13May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Disconnected Markets – Fixed price  no demand response $/MWh GWh Retail Price P normal Q normal L normal P spike Q spike L hot WP

14. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop14May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates The Markets Connected Demand Response Yields Lower Wholesale Prices $/MWh GWh Q normal Retail Price P normal Q spike L normal D normal E P spike L hot WP B Q hot P hot E´ D hot A

15. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop15May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Benefits of Demand Response Programs Prices signal customers the cost of power Customer demand response helps balance supply and demand Reduces wholesale prices, by factor of 10+ (e.g.,  load by 2.5%  WP  by 25%) Reduces market power of suppliers

16. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop16May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Types of Demand Response Programs Demand-side bidding “Buy-back,” or pay-for-performance interruptible –Suppliers buy load relative to baseline at price tied to market price Real-time (hourly) pricing –Full-time –Whenever prices exceed specified level

17. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop17May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Load on highest price day Highest HA prices Example of Demand Response – Georgia Power RTP (Demand response = 250 MW; 60% of reference load)

18. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop18May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates Estimated Effect of Demand Response (Braithwait-Faruqui; March 15 PUF) If RTP offered to California large C&I customers: Load reduction in high-price hour – 2.4% Reduction in wholesale price – 24% Drop in summer wholesale costs -- $700 M

19. Institute for Regulatory Policy Studies Workshop19May 17, 2001 Christensen Associates For Additional Information: Customer Response to Market Prices – How Much Can You Expect When You Need it Most?, Steven Braithwait and Michael O’Sheasy, EPRI Pricing Conference, July 2000. Residential TOU Response in the Presence of Interactive Communication Equipment, Steven Braithwait, in Pricing in Competitive Electricity Markets, Ahmad Faruqui, Ed. Demand Response – The Ignored Solution to California’s Energy Crisis, Steven Braithwait and Ahmad Faruqui, in Public Utilities Fortnightly, March 15, 2001. Contact: Steve Braithwait (steve@lrca.com) Christensen Associates 608-231-2266