1. EOS Aura Results Jim Gleason for Ernest Hilsenrath NASA/Univ. of Maryland M. Schoeberl, A. Douglass, R. Beer, J. Gille P. Levelt, J. Waters Atmospheric Science Conference ESRIN/Frascati May 2006

2. Aura – Atmospheric Chemistry Third large EOS ObservatoryThird large EOS Observatory –Terra (December 1999) –Aqua (May 2002) Four instruments, all of which measure constituentsFour instruments, all of which measure constituents Polar orbit at 1:38 PM crossingPolar orbit at 1:38 PM crossing (member of A-train) Launched – July 15, 2004Launched – July 15, 2004 Science ObjectivesScience Objectives –Tracking ozone layer –Global measurements of air quality –Connecting atmospheric chemistry with climate OMITESHIRDLS MLS T. Boer/ Boeing

3. How do they work? How are they working? Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) TES: High resolution infrared-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer TES spectra contain information on almost all radiatively active gases in the lower atmosphere.TES spectra contain information on almost all radiatively active gases in the lower atmosphere. Present operations are limited to nadir scans (preserves instrument life) with some special limb observations planned (e.g. Intex)Present operations are limited to nadir scans (preserves instrument life) with some special limb observations planned (e.g. Intex) Focus on tropospheric O 3 and COFocus on tropospheric O 3 and CO Many global surveys available from Langley DAACMany global surveys available from Langley DAAC OMI: UV/VIS hyperspectral imaging spectrometer Present operations are nominal.Present operations are nominal. Continuing the TOMS record for column ozoneContinuing the TOMS record for column ozone Daily global measurements of NO 2, SO 2, aerosols, HCHO, BrO, OCLO, and moreDaily global measurements of NO 2, SO 2, aerosols, HCHO, BrO, OCLO, and more Total ozone data available from Goddard DAAC; Other products released to validation teamTotal ozone data available from Goddard DAAC; Other products released to validation team

4. How do they work? How are they working? High Resolution Dynamic Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS ) MLS: advanced limb microwave radiometer Present operations are nominal.Present operations are nominal. Daily global measurements of profiles for O 3, HCl, ClO, HNO 3, N 2 O, H 2 ODaily global measurements of profiles for O 3, HCl, ClO, HNO 3, N 2 O, H 2 O First global measurements of OHFirst global measurements of OH retrieves O 3, H 2 O and other gases in the lower strat and upper trop, can “see” through clouds.retrieves O 3, H 2 O and other gases in the lower strat and upper trop, can “see” through clouds. All data products available from Goddard DAACAll data products available from Goddard DAAC HIRDLS: advanced limb infrared radiometer Measures T, O 3, H 2 O, HNO 3, and long-lived gases with high (~1 km) vertical resolution; also PSCs.Measures T, O 3, H 2 O, HNO 3, and long-lived gases with high (~1 km) vertical resolution; also PSCs. Blanketing Kapton partially blocks aperature; but HIRDLS has taken science data since Jan. 05.Blanketing Kapton ® partially blocks aperature; but HIRDLS has taken science data since Jan. 05. Retrievals possible at a single azimuthRetrievals possible at a single azimuth Procedures developed to account for the radiative effects of the kaptonProcedures developed to account for the radiative effects of the kapton Data available TBDData available TBD

5. Aura Top 10 Discoveries

6. The Aura Top 10 List 1.MLS cloud ice correlation with SST and comparison with climate models. 2.TES HDO measurements provide a fresh view of convection. 3.HIRDLS provides first tropical maps of subvisible cirrus. 4.MLS measurement of OH in the stratosphere resolves the "HO x " dilemma. 5.TES measurement of intercontinental transport of pollution (CO and O 3 ) - correlation between ozone and CO quantifies the outflow of pollution from Asia and the US. 6.MLS measurements of CO in the upper troposphere show that CO from biofuels and biomass burning is lofted by convection. 7.MLS continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere continues the trend from UARS HALOE. 8.HIRDLS assessment of gravity wave forcing of the stratospheric circulation are defining the momentum input from small scales. 9.(OMI + MLS) First daily extra-tropical tropospheric ozone column maps. 10.OMI measurements of SO 2 from smelters shows that the output from South American smelters rivals that of volcanoes. 1.MLS cloud ice correlation with SST and comparison with climate models. 2.TES HDO measurements provide a fresh view of convection. 3.HIRDLS provides first tropical maps of subvisible cirrus. 4.MLS measurement of OH in the stratosphere resolves the "HO x " dilemma. 5.TES measurement of intercontinental transport of pollution (CO and O 3 ) - correlation between ozone and CO quantifies the outflow of pollution from Asia and the US. 6.MLS measurements of CO in the upper troposphere show that CO from biofuels and biomass burning is lofted by convection. 7.MLS continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere continues the trend from UARS HALOE. 8.HIRDLS assessment of gravity wave forcing of the stratospheric circulation are defining the momentum input from small scales. 9.(OMI + MLS) First daily extra-tropical tropospheric ozone column maps. 10.OMI measurements of SO 2 from smelters shows that the output from South American smelters rivals that of volcanoes.

7. MLS Measurement of Cloud Ice in Upper Troposphere  UT cloud ice from MLS, ECMWF analyses, and various GCMs  Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005  Cloud ice increase with sea surface temperature >300 K leads to convective moistening of UT, and H 2 O feedback ~3x above that implied solely by thermodynamics  Su et al., GRL 33, L05709, 2006  UT cloud ice from MLS, ECMWF analyses, and various GCMs  Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005  Cloud ice increase with sea surface temperature >300 K leads to convective moistening of UT, and H 2 O feedback ~3x above that implied solely by thermodynamics  Su et al., GRL 33, L05709, 2006 Aura MLS: Jan 2005 mean ECMWF analyses: Jan 2005 mean UCLA-Liou GCM: 5-year Jan mean GFDL-RAS GCM: 18-year Jan mean NCAR CAM3 GCM: 10-year Jan mean GFDL-Donner GCM: 20-year Jan mean sea surface temperature (K) 300K UT H 2 O convective cloud ice   Will improve global circulation models (GCMs) used for weather and climate forecasts and help quantify the upper tropospheric (UT) hydrological cycle, including water vapor feedbacks on climate change 300K greenhouse parameter Note: ‘greenhouse parameter’ is the fraction of radiation emitted by Earth’s surface that is not radiated to space

8. H 2 O (PPT) HDO/H 2 O (delta-D) Water isotopes are a tracer for the origin, condensation, and evaporation history of an air parcel. Lighter isotopes preferentially evaporate and heavier isotopes preferentially condense thus more condensation leads to more depletion. The TES measurements show that in the tropics, re-evaporation of precipitation is an important process controlling cloud formation. Up to 70% of precipitation is re- evaporated into the cloud. Water isotopes are a tracer for the origin, condensation, and evaporation history of an air parcel. Lighter isotopes preferentially evaporate and heavier isotopes preferentially condense thus more condensation leads to more depletion. The TES measurements show that in the tropics, re-evaporation of precipitation is an important process controlling cloud formation. Up to 70% of precipitation is re- evaporated into the cloud. TES Observations of HDO/H 2 O ratio - A Tracer of Global Hydrological Processes * *submitted to Nature (John Worden, Kevin Bowman, David Noone, TES team members, and Christopher Webster) High H 2 O and HDO/H 2 O ratio over land with indicates strong evapo- transpiration water vapor source Relatively Low HDO/H2O ratio with High H2O indicates re- evaporation of precipitation (Diamonds) in tropical cloud systems Lower HDO/H2O ratio with latitude due to condensation along with pole-ward transport

9. HIRDLS Measurement of Sub-Visible Cirrus in the Upper Tropical Troposphere These cirrus layers play an important role in the earth’s radiative balance as well as in dehydrating the UT/LS These cirrus layers play an important role in the earth’s radiative balance as well as in dehydrating the UT/LS HIRDLS observes these layers at many latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting seasonal and inter-annual variations in this critical parameter to be determined HIRDLS observes these layers at many latitudes, 2 times each day, permitting seasonal and inter-annual variations in this critical parameter to be determined Note movement from SE Asia to India to Indonesia and from Central to South America. This movement is related to the change in the location of deep convection. Note movement from SE Asia to India to Indonesia and from Central to South America. This movement is related to the change in the location of deep convection. Daily global measurements of the location, height and optical thickness of subvisible cirrus show seasonal movements

10. MLS Measurement of OH in Stratosphere The MLS measurements of OH and HO 2 have provided the first tests of global stratospheric hydrogen chemistry and resolved the “HO x dilemma”  Comparison of MLS (red) with balloon (green, blue) correlative measurements and model (dashed black line) over diurnal cycle Pickett et al., GRL 33, L101808, 2006  Comparison of MLS (red), model (black) and balloon (green) for different seasons. The reasonable agreement between measurement and model resolves the previously reported “HO x dilemma” Canty et al., GRL, in press OH HO 2 0 6 12 18 24 local time / hour 37 km 32 km 10 5 0 20 10 0 20 10 0 20 10 0 10 6 molecules / cm 3 Sep 2004 Dec 2004Mar 2005 Jun 2005 HO 2 / OH 0 2 2 4 0 2 4 OH + HO 2 (10 7 cm -3) 0.1 1 10 1 1 height / km 60 40 60 40 0 2 4

11. C oincident measurements of ozone and carbon monoxide are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes, which can be very complex in the troposphere. C oincident measurements of ozone and carbon monoxide are critical for understanding chemical and dynamical processes, which can be very complex in the troposphere. Carbon Monoxide Ozone Summer 05 Fall 05 Winter 05-06 TES Tropospheric Ozone & Carbon Monoxide

12. MLS Measurement of CO in Upper Troposphere CO from biofuels and from biomass burning is lofted by convection, with a major pathway over Tibet into the stratosphere  Detection of CO pollution lofted to the upper troposphere and temporarily ‘trapped’ in anticyclone over south Asia Filipiak et al., GRL 32, L14825, 2005 Li et al., GRL 32, L14826, 2005  Quantifying convective transport over the Tibetan plateau – and discovering it is a ‘short circuit’ to the global stratosphere  Uses data primarily from MLS, but also from MODIS, AIRS and TRMM Fu et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., April 2006  Detection of ‘CO tape recorder’ in lower stratosphere, and linking it to seasonal changes in biomass burning  Reproduced by GMI chemical transport model Schoeberl et al., GRL, in review frequency of >80 ppbv CO abundances at 100 hPa MLS (day 0) back trajectories -5 days -20 days MLS 150 hPa CO: 25 Aug – 6 Sep 04 orange is ~120 ppbv green is ~60 ppbv CO deviation from mean vs. time and height

13. MLS Measurement of HCl in Stratosphere The continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere shows the rapid recovery of this major chlorine reservoir after polar ozone loss, and continues the long-term measurements from UARS HALOE  First continuous view of chlorine partitioning through polar winter  MLS simultaneously measures reser- voir (HCl) and active (ClO) chlorine  Figure at right is adapted from WMO ozone assessment now in prep. Santee et al., GRL 32, L12817, 2006; Santee et al., to be submitted to JGR  Decrease in upper atmospheric HCl  MLS global data are consistent with rate at which anthropogenic chlorine is exp-ected to be cleansed from stratosphere  Although the ‘stratospheric cleansing’ will take ~50 years, MLS can track it with useful precision on a seasonal basis Froidevaux et al., to be submitted to GRL Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere (2005, 490K, 70-75 o EqL) Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere (2004-05, 490K, 70-75 o EqL) ClO HCl 1 Jun 1 Aug 1 Oct 1 Dec 1 Feb 1 Apr 3 2103 210 ppbv Expected HCl trend MLS precision (±2σ) for monthly global means shown here Jul 04 Jan 05 Jul 05 Jan 06 pressure / hPa 3.50 3.45 3.40 3.35 ppbv HCl 1%

14. HIRDLS Measurement of Small Scale Gravity Waves in the Stratosphere The temperature cross-section (over S. America) and enlarged view (right) depict an alternating series of + and - wave fronts (highlighted) propagating from mid-latitude tropopause toward the mid-stratosphere tropics. This is a gravity wave with short vertical (~ 4 km) and horizontal (500 km) wavelength and small amplitude (1-2K) that can not be observed with other techniques Analyses of HIRDLS data allow determination of momentum input from small scale waves HIRDLS high resolution temperature measurements show short vertical wavelength gravity waves, permitting assessment of gravity wave forcing in the stratospheric circulation

15. Aura Results - Summary Stratosphere OMI O3 - Continues TOMS trend MLS – Continues HCl trend and studies AOH evolution MLS OH – Resolves “HO x dilemma” and better test of stratospheric chemistry Climate MLS cloud ice – Correlation with SST, climate models, and hydrological cycle TES HDO – Quantify convection in UT HIRDLS subvisible cirrus – improved climate models TES CO - UT/LS conveyor belt correlated with emissions Air Quality OMI+TES – high resolution tropospheric ozone maps TES – intercontinental transport of CO and O 3 OMI – Next speaker

16. Aura Results Backup

17. Tropospheric Ozone Residual from Aura OMI and MLS Augmenting TES tropospheric ozone measurements, OMI & MLS can produce a tropospheric residual product by subtracting the MLS stratospheric ozone from OMI column ozone.

18. OMI monitors smelter SO 2 emissions in Peru Daily monitoring of SO 2 emissions is possible with OMI. Daily monitoring of SO 2 emissions is possible with OMI. The Peruvian smelters are among the world’s largest industrial point sources of SO 2. The Peruvian smelters are among the world’s largest industrial point sources of SO 2. Ecuador/S. Colombia volcanoes Ilo copper smelter La Oroya copper smelter Ilo La Oroya [Carn et al., in prep] Average OMI SO 2 vertical column Sep 2004 - June 2005 PERU Daily SO 2 burdens for 3 source regions Sep 2004 - June 2005

19. Aura Validation Aura instruments produce 63 data products that need validation. AVDC (Aura Validation Data Center) is up and running; One-stop shopping for data/tools. Validation workshop Sept. 2005. Aircraft Field Campaigns –Two Houston WB-57 mini-campaigns (AVE) –One polar DC-8 mini-campaign (PAVE) –UAV payload and plans moving forward Two high altitude instrumented balloon flights from Palestine, TX Two intensive H 2 O and O 3 sonde campaigns in Costa Rica Additional sondes launched from traditional sites Numerous satellite intercomparisons –UARS HALOE –ACE –Envisat –Odin, SBUV, etc.

20. Aura Validation Campaign Timeline Jan. 04 – pre-AVE- (Costa Rica) Aug. 04 -- Ticosonde I (Costa Rica) Oct. 04-- Houston AVE I Jan. 05 – PAVE Jan. 05 -- Polar high altitude balloon launch (failed) June 05 – Houston AVE II July-Aug. 05 -- Ticosonde II campaign - Costa Rica Sept. 05 -- Validation Workshop I Sept. 05-- High altitude balloon launch Jan.-Feb. 06 – Costa Rica AVE (CR-AVE) Jan.-Feb. 06 – Costa Rica AVE (CR-AVE) (payload increased) Jan. 06-- Jan. 06-- Polar high altitude balloons (replaced failed launch) Jan.-Feb. 06--Ticosonde campaign - Costa Rica Jan.-Feb. 06--Ticosonde campaign - Costa Rica (added) Mar.- Apr. 06 – INTEX-B (Houston, Anchorage, Hawaii) Mar.- Apr. 06 – INTEX-B (Houston, Anchorage, Hawaii) (lidars added) April 06-- April 06-- Sodänkyla High latitude ozone column intercomparison campaign Jan. 07 – AVE/TC4 winter (Guam) Jan. 07 – AVE/TC4 winter (Guam) + sonde campaign Aug. 07-- AVE (IPY) - still under discussion Jan. 04 – pre-AVE- (Costa Rica) Aug. 04 -- Ticosonde I (Costa Rica) Oct. 04-- Houston AVE I Jan. 05 – PAVE Jan. 05 -- Polar high altitude balloon launch (failed) June 05 – Houston AVE II July-Aug. 05 -- Ticosonde II campaign - Costa Rica Sept. 05 -- Validation Workshop I Sept. 05-- High altitude balloon launch Jan.-Feb. 06 – Costa Rica AVE (CR-AVE) Jan.-Feb. 06 – Costa Rica AVE (CR-AVE) (payload increased) Jan. 06-- Jan. 06-- Polar high altitude balloons (replaced failed launch) Jan.-Feb. 06--Ticosonde campaign - Costa Rica Jan.-Feb. 06--Ticosonde campaign - Costa Rica (added) Mar.- Apr. 06 – INTEX-B (Houston, Anchorage, Hawaii) Mar.- Apr. 06 – INTEX-B (Houston, Anchorage, Hawaii) (lidars added) April 06-- April 06-- Sodänkyla High latitude ozone column intercomparison campaign Jan. 07 – AVE/TC4 winter (Guam) Jan. 07 – AVE/TC4 winter (Guam) + sonde campaign Aug. 07-- AVE (IPY) - still under discussion 0405060708 Pre-AVE PAVE AVE Houst. II CR AVE AVE - Guam INTEX-B AVE Houston I AVE IPY Aura launch Pre-Validation Phase Aura Aura and the A-Train B Bb Bb b b = sonde campaign B = high altitude balloons b Aircraft Completed activities Planned activities Augmentations B

21. The Aura Top 10 List 1.MLS cloud ice correlation with SST and comparison with climate models provides a powerful new constraint on model systems. 2.TES HDO measurements provide a fresh view of convection. 3.HIRDLS maps of subvisible cirrus are the first tropical maps that show the wide extent and altitude of these not-well-understood clouds. 4.MLS measurement of OH in the stratosphere resolves the "HO x " dilemma and provides a new test of stratospheric chemistry. 5.TES measurement of intercontinental transport of pollution (CO and O 3 ) -correlation between ozone and CO quantifies the outflow of pollution from Asia and the US. 6.(OMI + MLS) First daily extra-tropical tropospheric ozone column maps using the residual technique 7.OMI measurements of SO 2 from smelters shows that the output from South American smelters rivals that of volcanoes. 8.MLS measurements of CO in the upper troposphere show that CO from biofuels and biomass burning is lofted by convection and can periodically penetrate the stratosphere 9.MLS continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere shows the rapid recovery of this chlorine reservoir after polar ozone loss, and MLS HCl continues the trend from UARS HALOE. 10.HIRDLS assessment of gravity wave forcing of the stratospheric circulation are defining the momentum input from small scale waves. 1.MLS cloud ice correlation with SST and comparison with climate models provides a powerful new constraint on model systems. 2.TES HDO measurements provide a fresh view of convection. 3.HIRDLS maps of subvisible cirrus are the first tropical maps that show the wide extent and altitude of these not-well-understood clouds. 4.MLS measurement of OH in the stratosphere resolves the "HO x " dilemma and provides a new test of stratospheric chemistry. 5.TES measurement of intercontinental transport of pollution (CO and O 3 ) -correlation between ozone and CO quantifies the outflow of pollution from Asia and the US. 6.(OMI + MLS) First daily extra-tropical tropospheric ozone column maps using the residual technique 7.OMI measurements of SO 2 from smelters shows that the output from South American smelters rivals that of volcanoes. 8.MLS measurements of CO in the upper troposphere show that CO from biofuels and biomass burning is lofted by convection and can periodically penetrate the stratosphere 9.MLS continuous measurement of HCl in the stratosphere shows the rapid recovery of this chlorine reservoir after polar ozone loss, and MLS HCl continues the trend from UARS HALOE. 10.HIRDLS assessment of gravity wave forcing of the stratospheric circulation are defining the momentum input from small scale waves.