1. Adulthood and Development

2. EMERGING ADULTHOOD BODY, MIND, AND SOCIAL WORLD

3. Emerging Adulthood  The period between the ages of 18 and 25, which is now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage.  Also called young adulthood or youth.

4. 5 main Features  1. Identity Explorations (esp. in love and work)  Intimacy vs. isolation  2. Instability  3. Most Self-focused age of life  4. Feeling in between  5. Age of possibilities

5. Characteristics  Health  Sexual Health and Reproduction  Risk Taking  Cognitive Growth  Personality  Identity

6. Identity and Intimacy  Intimacy  Erikson’s sixth psychosocial stage, intimacy versus isolation  Intimacy progresses from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment.  Marriage and parenthood  Friendships  Romance

7. Identity and Intimacy cohabit  To live with an unrelated person—typically a romantic partner—to whom one is not married.  Most young adults in the United States, England, and northern Europe cohabit rather than marry before age 25.

8. Family  Emerging adults are supposedly independent, leaving their childhood home and parents behind.  Parents continue to be crucial influences Identity and Intimacy

9. Adulthood: Body and Mind

10. Adulthood  Body changes  Senescence  Physical changes  Vision changes  Hearing Changes

11. Sexuality  Sexuality  Responsiveness  Fertility

12. The Adult Body  Health  Menopause/Andropause  Drugs  Poor Habits  Measuring Health

13. Measuring Health MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Mortality ◦ Death: Morbidity ◦ Disease:

14. Variations in Health Gender Differences

15. Variations in Health Women may suffer more on other measures of health:

16. Variations in Health Socioeconomic Status and Health

17. Adult Brain  Cognition  Development  Sleep  Brain Loss

18. Intelligence

19. Components of Intelligence Two Clusters: Fluid and Crystallized (Cattell) Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence

20. Components of Intelligence Three Clusters: Analytic, Creative, and Practical (Sternberg) Analytic intelligence Creative intelligence Practical intelligence

21. Components of Intelligence Nine Clusters: Cultural Variations (Gardner)  Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, naturalistic, social understanding (interpersonal intelligence), self-understanding (intrapersonal intelligence), and existential intelligence

22. Selective Gains and Losses Selective Optimization with Compensation

23. Expertise Selective expert Expertise

24. Characteristics of Expert Thought Expertise is intuitive Expertise is automatic

25. Characteristics of Expert Thought Expertise is strategic Expertise is flexible

26. Adulthood Psychosocial Development

27. Erikson’s Task for Adulthood  Generativity vs. stagnation  Satisfying generative needs  Creativity  Caregiving  Employment

28. Ages and Stages  Maslow’s Stages  Abraham Maslow (1954) described five stages, which occur in sequence.  Movement occurs when people have satisfied their needs at one level and are ready for the next step.  In his later years, Maslow reassessed his final level, self- actualization.  He suggested another level after that, called self- transcendence.

29. Ages and Stages

30.  The Social Clock  A developmental timetable based not on biological maturation but on social norms

31. Ages and Stages  Choosing a Lifestyle  In adulthood, people choose their particular social context, or ecological niche.

32. Ages and Stages  Gender Differences in Personality  gender convergence-

33. Intimacy  Intimacy needs are lifelong.  Relatives, friends, coworkers, and romantic partners  social convoy

34. Friends  Friends:

35. Family Bonds  When family bonds are similar to friendship bonds, relatives are mainstays of the social convoy.

36. Family Bonds  Over the years of adulthood, parents and adult children typically increase in closeness, forgiveness, and pride as both generations gain maturity.  familism

37. Family Bonds  Adult siblings  Adult siblings help one another cope

38. Family Bonds  Family closeness can sometimes be destructive, however.  fictive kin

39. Committed Partners  Adults everywhere seek committed partnerships  Less than 15 percent of U.S. residents marry before age 25, but by age 40, 85 percent have married.  Marital outcomes

40. Partnering, cont.  The Marital U Curve

41. Committed Partners  empty nest  Why do folks maintain committed partnerships?

42. Divorce  Adults are affected (for better or for worse) by divorce in ways they never anticipated.  Distressed vs. Distant Marriages  Outcomes of divorce

43. Divorce

44. Adults and Conflict  Define conflict  Conflict styles  Avoidant  Volatile  Validating  Hostile

45. Conflict, cont  Negative communication  Characteristics  Phrases  Downward spiral of negative communication

46. Conflict, cont.  The Journey to isolation and separation  Refusing influence  Criticism  Flooding  Defensiveness  Contempt  Stonewalling

47. Generativity  Adults seek to be productive in a caring way.  Adults satisfy their need to be generative in many ways

48. Caregiving  What is involved in caregiving?  kinkeeper

49. Caregiving  Chief form of generativity  The challenge of generativity and parenting  Stepfamilies  Adoption  Caring for aging parent

50. Caregiving  sandwich generation

51. Employment  The other major avenue for generativity.  Psychosocial needs fulfilled  Unemployment associations

52. Employment  Work and generativity  Skills  Creative energy  Mentoring  Support  Contribute

53. Employment  extrinsic rewards of work  intrinsic rewards of work

54. Coping with Stress  Stressor  allostatic load

55. Coping with Stress  organ reserve  problem-focused coping  emotion-focused coping

56. Coping with Stress  Gender also affects how a person responds to stress and thus affects allostatic load.  Virtually every study finds that social support is crucial in reducing allostatic load.

57. Stress, cont.  Warning signs  Identify sources  Integrate coping techniques