1. Chapter 40 Review

2. Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts normal body functions List 3 sources of disease disease Produced by agents Materials in the environment genes

3. Match the disease with its cause bacteria viruses fungi _________ influenza _________athlete’s foot _________ meningitis __________Ebola __________ringworm __________strep __________ AIDS Virus Fungi Bacteria

4. Which 2 scientists concluded that diseases were caused by microorganisms? What is the germ theory of disease? Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Diseases are caused by microorganisms called germs

5. Rules used to identify microorganisms are known as Koch’s Postulates

6. What are Koch’s postulates? 1. The pathogen should be found in the body of a sick organism and not in a healthy one 2.The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure form 3. When pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the original host 4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen.

7. Which type of pathogen invades and replicates in living cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into them? Which pathogen causes disease by breaking down the hosts tissues or producing toxins? Viruses Bacteria

8. What type of pathogen is responsible for diseases such as malaria and dysentery? What type of pathogen lives inside a host and steals nutrients from them? Protists Worms

9. A disease causing agent The ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen pathogen immunity

10. List the ways diseases can be spread Physical contact Contaminated food or water Infected animals

11. How can we prevent the spread of disease? Animals that spread disease are called Wash your hands Cover your face when sneezing or coughing vectors

12. Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection Elevated body temperature that occurs in response to an infection Inflammatory response fever

13. What kills bacteria without harming the human or host? What enzyme breaks down the cells walls of bacteria and can be found in mucus, saliva, and tears antibiotic lysozyme

14. Protein that helps destroy a pathogen Overreaction of the immune system to antigens antibody allergy

15. Which antibiotic was discovered accidentally in 1828? What type of defenses track down pathogens that have made it into the body? Penicillin Specific Defenses

16. Antibiotics are helpful with bacteria, but will not kill What is the most important nonspecific defense? Viruses Skin

17. The body’s specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent Substance that triggers an immune response Immune response antigen

18. What type of defenses work to keep pathogens out of the body? List 4- first line defenses Nonspecific Defenses Skin Mucus Sweat Tears

19. White blood cells that engulf pathogens are called What are the benefits to a fever phagocytes Slows or stops the growth of many pathogens Increases heart rate to get WBC’s there faster

20. A protein that helps cells resist a viral infection What are the 2 types of cells that recognize antigens? Interferon B cells T cells

21. Immunity against pathogens and antigens in body fluids Defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside normal cells Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity

22. What types of cells are used in a humoral response? What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated response? B cells T cells

23. Which cells produce antibodies for a secondary response? Describe the shape of an antibody Memory B cells Y-shaped with 2 antigen binding sites

24. The antibody has antigen binding sites whose shape is ______________ to the antigen shape Cell mediated immunity responds to what 2 things? complimentary Cancerous cells Virus infected cells

25. When the body recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it this is known as A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens rejection vaccine

26. Temporary protection from a disease by injecting the antibodies made from another animal into the bloodstream Name 3 types of disorders within the immune system Passive immunity Allergies Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiency Disease

27. List substances that are common allergens The activated mast cells initiate the release of a Mold Dust Pollen Histamine

28. What do histamines do What type of drug counteracts the work of histamines? Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding tissues antihistamines

29. A chronic respiratory condition in which the passageways narrow When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells it produces an asthma autoimmune disease

30. Give an example of an autoimmune disease antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 1 Diabetes Multiple Sclerosis Type 1 diabetes

31. The immune system attacks the connective tissues around joints The immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis

32. Disorder in which the immune system itself is attacked How can HIV be spread? Immunodeficiency disease Sexual contact Sharing needles Blood or blood products Mother to child

33. Factors that have the potential to affect your health in a negative way and cause injury or disease What factors affect air quality Risk factors Carbon Monoxide Ozone Gas Airborne Particulates

34. Symptoms of CO poisoning include Highly reactive form of oxygen found in the air, it is a risk factor when it occurs at ground level headache, dizziness, nausea, light headedness Ozone

35. Name 3 airborne particle affect you health Intentional release of infectious agents Allergens Lead asbestos bioterrorism

36. Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction The cells begin to divide uncontrollably and form a mass of tissue called a _________ Cancer Tumor

37. _____________ are substances that cause cancer What behaviors reduce your risk of exposure to pathogens? carcinogens Eating a healthy diet plenty of exercise and rest Abstaining from harmful activities Getting regular checkups