1. NEW CHAPTER Views of Earth Today CHAPTER the BIG idea Modern technology has changed the way we view and map Earth. Technology is used to explore the Earth system. 1.1 Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 Topographic maps show the shape of the land. 1.3 Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER RESOURCES

2. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME atmosphere hydrosphere system Technology is used to explore the Earth system. 1.1 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE biosphere geosphere The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere work together to form one large system called Earth. CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES geospherebiosphereatmosphere hydrosphere

3. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A group of objects or phenomena that interact. A system can be as simple as a rope, a pulley, and a mass. It also can be as complex as the interaction of energy and matter in the four parts of the Earth system. system 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

4. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The outer layer of gases of a large body in space, such as a planet or star; the mixture of gases that surrounds the solid Earth; one of the four parts of the Earth system. atmosphere 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

5. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME All water on Earth, in the atmosphere and in the oceans, lakes, glaciers, rivers, streams, and underground reservoirs; one of the four parts of the Earth system. hydrosphere 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

6. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME All living organisms on Earth in the air, on the land, and in the waters; one of the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

7. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME All the features on Earth’s surface (continents, islands, and seafloor) and everything below the surface (the inner and outer core and the mantle); one of the four parts of the Earth system. geosphere 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

8. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. equator prime meridian All map projections distort Earth's surface. Mercator relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

9. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. All map projections distort Earth's surface. Conic relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection equator prime meridian CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

10. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. All map projections distort Earth's surface. Planar relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection equator prime meridian CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

11. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. All map projections distort Earth's surface. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection VISUALIZATION CLASSZONE.COM Explore how latitude and longitude help you find locations on Earth’s surface. CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

12. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A map that shows the differences in elevation in an area. Relief maps can show elevations through the use of contour lines, shading, colors, and, in some cases, three-dimensional materials. relief map 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

13. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The comparison of distance on a map with actual distance on what the map represents, such as Earth’s surface. Map scale may be expressed as a ratio, a bar scale, or equivalent units. map scale 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

14. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A chart that explains the meaning of each symbol used on a map; also called a key. map legend 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

15. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME An imaginary east-west line around the center of Earth that divides the planet into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere; a line set at 0° latitude. equator 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

16. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The distance in degrees north or south from the equator. latitude 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

17. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME An imaginary north-south line that divides the planet into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England. prime meridian 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

18. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude lines are numbered from 0° to 180°. longitude 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

19. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A representation of Earth’s curved surface on a flat map. projection 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

20. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography 1.3 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE contour line elevation Contour lines show elevation, slope, and relief. Contour lines never cross. Closed circles represent hilltops. Contour lines show steepness of slope. Index contour lines show elevation. slope relief contour interval SIMULATION CLASSZONE.COM Discover the relationship between topographic maps and surface features. CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

21. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME All natural and human-made surface features of a particular area. topography 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

22. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A line on a topographic map that joins points of equal elevation. contour line 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

23. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A measure of how high something is above a reference point, such as sea level. elevation 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

24. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A measure of how steep a landform is. Slope is calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance covered. slope 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

25. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME In geology, the difference in elevation between an area’s high and low points. relief 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

26. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME On a topographic map, the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next. contour interval 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

27. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Remote-sensing technology gathers accurate data about Earth. remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

28. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE Geographic information systems are computer programs used to merge layers of information. remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

29. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A method of using scientific equipment to gather information about something from a distance. Most remote-sensing methods make use of different types of electromagnetic radiation. remote sensing 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

30. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A mechanical or electronic device that receives and responds to a signal, such as light. sensor 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

31. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME A computer image in which the colors are not what the human eye would see. A false-color image can assign different colors to different types of radiation coming from an object to highlight its features. false-color image 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

32. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Computer systems that can store, arrange, and display geographic data in different types of maps. geographic information systems 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

33. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME I. Technology is used to explore the Earth system. A. The Earth system has four major parts. B. All four parts of the Earth system shape the planet’s surface. 1.1 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere system biosphere geosphere 3. Biosphere 4. Geosphere CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

34. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME II. Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY A. Maps show natural and human-made features. 1. Cylindrical Projection 2. Conic Projections 3. Planar Projections B. Latitude and longitude show locations on Earth. Maps and globes are models of Earth. C. Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface. relief map map scale map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection 1. Land Features on Maps 2. Scale and Symbols on Maps 1. Latitude 2. Longitude 3. Global Positioning System CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

35. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME III. Topographic maps show the shape of the land. A. Topographic maps use contour lines to show features. B. Contour lines follow certain rules. 1.3 KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line elevation slope relief contour interval CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

36. VOCABULARY KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME IV. Technology is used to map Earth. A. Remote sensing provides detailed images of Earth. B. Geographic information systems display data in layers. 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing sensor false-color image geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER RESOURCES

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38. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. PREVIOUS SIMULATION CLASSZONE.COM Discover the relationship between topographic maps and surface features. VISUALIZATION CLASSZONE.COM Explore how latitude and longitude help you find locations on Earth’s surface.

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45. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY crust: thin, rocky shell that includes continents and sea floor mantle: thick layer of hot rock outer core: molten metal, mostly iron inner core: solid metal, mostly iron

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50. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY Marsh or Swamp Vegetation Lake or pond Hiking trail Stream Railroad tracks Topographic Map Symbols

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55. BACK TO CHAPTER Click on the items below to access resources on Standardized Test Practice Practice state standardized tests Math Tutorial Review math concepts Resource Centers Get more information on select science topics Content Review Review key concepts and vocabulary Audio Readings Hear chapter audio readings CLASSZONE.COM Chapter Resources CHAPTER HOME Animations Link to all the McDougal Littell Science animations Review Game Play a fun interactive review game Image Gallery Click here to review chapter images and animations