1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Waves and Water Dynamics

2. Largest wave ever recorded: Liyuya Bay, Alaska 1958 Due to enormous rocks and debris crashing into Ocean from large earthquake, wave hit shore and was over 1700 feet high. Scientists believe this may be the fourth or fifth giant wave to hit in this area in the past 150 years.

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Overview Most waves are wind-driven. Most waves are generated by storms. Waves transmit energy across the ocean surface. Tsunami are special fast, long waves generated by seismic events.

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Generation Disturbing force causes waves to form Wind blowing across ocean surface Interface of fluids with different densities Air – ocean interface –Ocean waves Air – air interface –Atmospheric waves Water – water interface –Internal waves

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Types of Waves Splash wave –Coastal landslides, calving icebergs Seismic sea wave or tsunami –Sea floor movement Tides –Gravitational attraction among Moon, Sun, and Earth Wake –Ships

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Movement Waves transmit energy Cyclic motion of particles in ocean –Particles may move Up and down Back and forth Around and around Particles in ocean waves move in orbital paths

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Circular Orbital Motion Wave particles move in a circle Wave motion is and NOT forward motion

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Orbital Waves Waves on ocean surface Anatomy – Crest – Trough – Wave height (H) – Wavelength (L)

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Orbital Waves

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sea and Swell Sea or sea area – where wind-driven waves are generated Swell – uniform, symmetrical waves originating from sea area

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Factors Affecting Wave Energy Wind speed Wind duration Fetch – distance over which wind blows

13. Wave Size Depends on…… Wind Speed Low wind speed = small or no waves Wind Duration Short wind duration cannot make large waves Fetch (distance the wind blows) Short distance getting wind = small wave All 3 together with no limits = BIG waves

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Height Directly related to wave energy Wave heights usually less than 2 meters (6.6 feet) Breakers called whitecaps form when wave reaches critical steepness Beaufort Wind Scale describes appearance of sea surface

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Wave Heights

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Beaufort Wind Scale

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Maximum Wave Height USS Ramapo (1933): 152-meters (500 feet) long ship caught in Pacific typhoon Waves 34 meters (112 feet) high

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Waves Approaching Shore As a deep-water wave becomes a shallow-water wave: –Wave speed decreases –Wavelength decreases –Wave height increases –Wave steepness (height/wavelength) increases –When steepness > 1 / 7, wave breaks

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Waves Approaching Shore

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Surfing Like riding a gravity-operated water sled Balance of gravity and buoyancy Skilled surfers position board on wave front –Can achieve speeds up to 40 km/hour (25 miles/hour)

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Refraction Waves rarely approach shore at a perfect 90 degree angle. As waves approach shore, they bend so wave crests are nearly parallel to shore. Wave speed is proportional to the depth of water (shallow-water wave). Different segments of the wave crest travel at different speeds.

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Refraction

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Refraction Gradually erodes headlands Sediment accumulates in bays

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Seismic sea waves Originate from sudden sea floor topography changes –Earthquakes – most common cause –Underwater landslides –Underwater volcano collapse –Underwater volcanic eruption –Meteorite impact – splash waves

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Characteristics Long wavelengths (> 200 km or 125 miles) Behaves as a shallow-water wave –Encompasses entire water column, regardless of ocean depth –Can pass undetected under boats in open ocean Speed proportional to water depth –Very fast in open ocean

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Destruction Sea level can rise up to 40 meters (131 feet) when a tsunami reaches shore.

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Most occur in Pacific Ocean –More earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Damaging to coastal areas Loss of human lives

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Historical LargeTsunami

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Warning System Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) – Honolulu, HI –Uses seismic wave recordings to forecast tsunami Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) –System of buoys –Detects pulse of tsunami passing

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tsunami Watches and Warnings Tsunami Watch – issued when potential for tsunami exists Tsunami Warning – unusual wave activity verified –Evacuate people –Move ships from harbors

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Waves as Source of Energy Lots of energy associated with waves Mostly with large storm waves –How to protect power plants –How to produce power consistently Environmental issues –Building power plants close to shore –Interfering with life and sediment movement

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Power Plant

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wave Farms Portugal – 2008 –Ocean Power Delivery –First wave farm About 50 wave power development projects globally

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Wave Energy Resources

36. Wednesday Feb 29 EXAM #2 Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 Bring a scantron and a pencil www2.sunysuffolk.edu/fournir/ocean105/

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. End of CHAPTER 8 Waves and Water Dynamics