1. ENERGY & EMISSIONS IN METAL INDUSTRY BRAJENDRA MISHRA, COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

2. CountryRank20072006Change, % China1 489.0 422.7 15.7 Japan2 120.2 116.2 3.4 United States3 97.2 98.6 -1.4 Russia4 72.2 70.8 2.0 India5 53.1 49.5 7.3 South Korea6 51.4 48.5 6.0 Germany7 48.5 47.2 2.8 Ukraine8 42.8 40.9 4.7 Brazil9 33.8 30.9 9.3 Italy10 32.0 31.6 1.2 Total1343.11245 CHANGE IN STEEL PRODUCTION (Mt) 2006/2007 Over the last fours years, India has increased production from 32.6 Mt to 53.1 Mt – a sizeable increase, and displaced South Korea and Germany to move from 9 th to 5 th position.

3. Value estimation 2006 Steel 670 B Є/a Aluminium 80 Billion Є/a Magnesium 18 Billion Є/a Plastics 262 Billion Є/a *2005 STEEL BEATS OTHER MATERIALS Production and Value 1970 / 2006 (Mt / Bil Eu)

4. Year Change 1873-1948+100 Mt in 75 years 1948-1973+400 Mt in 25 years 1973-1983~ 0 in 10 years 1983-1993+115 Mt in 10 years 1993-2003+230 Mt in 10 years 2003-2007+379 Mt in last 4 years MARCH IN GLOBAL STEEL CONSUMPTION There was increase in steel consumption during 1983- 2003, after a decade of no growth. 2003-2007 has witnessed hitherto unmatched increase.

5. CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION: CHINA / INDIA

6. TYPICAL COST BREAK UP OF HOT METAL Coke is the major cost component; yet is in short supply/expensive.

7. Reduction, 0.86 t Recycling 0.68 t Primary process, 1.54 t Steel – excellent material in terms of sustainability – can be infinitely recycled without loss of quality. Steel from ore produces 1.54 t CO 2 per tonne of crude steel globally; 2.4-2.6 t CO 2 in India. EAF steelmaking using recycled scrap generates only 0.68 t CO 2. CO 2 EMISSION IN STEEL PROCESSING (t per tcs)

8. After steel, aluminium is the most widely used metal. In 2006, out of 34 Mt aluminium produced worldwide, 23% was secondary aluminium. Aluminium scrap processing leads to some loss of quality, but energy is only 5% of primary production. Hence, 9.87 t of CO 2 saved for every tonne aluminium produced by secondary processing. Primary process, 10.60 t CO 2 CO 2 EMISSION IN ALUMINIUM PROCESSING (t/t)

9. Globally 35% of 17 Mt copper produced each year is from recycling of copper scrap. The secondary process saves 3.5 tonnes CO 2 per tonne of copper produced – 36% improvement compared to the primary route, There is 5% material loss and some difference in quality between primary and secondary copper. Primary process, 5.5 t CO 2 Reduction, 3.52 t Secondary Process, 1.98 t CO 2 EMISSION IN COPPER PROCESSING (t/t)

10. Recycling process Reduction CO 2 EMISSIONS (t/t product) FOR STEEL, ALUMINIUM, COPPER and PAPER Steel is the least CO 2 generating metal. Paper produces less CO 2, but has limited application.

11. CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN STEEL INDUSTRY