1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Amazing Body Facts!

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1 Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum lleum Anus Parotid gland Salivary glands Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Large intestine Descending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anal canal Transverse colon Ascending colon

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c Pyloric sphincter Gastric pits Surface epithelium Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric glands Chief cells Gastric pit Gastric gland (c)

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules 2 Atoms 1 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3 Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 5 Cardio– vascular system 6 Blood vessels Heart

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body Break down complex molecules into smaller ones Build larger molecules from smaller ones Produces energy Regulated by hormones Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Occurs on cellular level or organismal level Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs Water 60 to 80 percent of body weight Most abundant chemical in the human body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate for gas exchange

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 2 3 4 5 IMBALANCE

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1 IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2 Receptor Receptor detects change. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE 2 VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 3 IMBALANCE 2

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 1 3 4 IMBALANCE 2

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1 3 4 5 IMBALANCE 2

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Anterior body landmarks

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Umbilical Pubic (genital) Pelvic Inguinal (groin) (a) Anterior/Ventral KEY: Deltoid Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Patellar Fibular Pedal (foot) Digital Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Femoral (thigh) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal (forearm) Figure 1.5a

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Posterior body landmarks

34. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b (b) Posterior/Dorsal Gluteal Sacral Lumbar Vertebral Back (dorsal) Scapular Cervical Cephalic Occipital (back of head) Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial Manus (hand) Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Upper limb KEY: Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (forearm)

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. WARM UP: SEPTEMBER 6, 2013 1.Which of the following is not a survival need? A) Oxygen B) Nutrient C) Water D) Growth E) Temperature range near 37 degrees Celsius. 2. Give the regional terms for the following body landmarks A. Forehead - ________________________ B. Forearm - _________________________ C. Thigh - ____________________________ D. Hip - _____________________________

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Warm up: September 9, 2013 1.A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained his ankle. What systems have suffered damage? 2.A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

39. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind

40. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

41. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

42. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

43. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

44. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities

48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes There are three body planes: a)Transverse or Horizontal- divides the body into a top and bottom. b)Mid-Sagittal or Median- divides the body into an equal right and left side. c)Frontal or Coronal- divides the body into a front and a back side.

49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. What They Look Like

50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sooooooo…….What if…. You are a surgeon and planning to do open heart surgery…. you would need to make a ________________ cut into the chest cavity. You have a patient that has gangrene in the lower portion of their leg and you need to amputate….. You would make a ________________ cut through the leg. The abdominal muscles and muscles of the back are separated by the _______________ plane.

51. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities There are two main body cavities: Ventral: (Belly) Which is subdivided into……. a) Abdominopelvic- which consists of the abdominal and pelvic regions, and contains the digestive and reproductive organs. b) Thoracic- which is the upper torso or chest region, and contains the heart and lungs. Dorsal: (Back) Which is subdivided into…….. a)Cranial- which contains the head and includes the brain. b)Vertebral (spinal)- which includes the spinal column.

52. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities

53. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. OK, sooooo……. 1.Which cavity is the heart found in? 2.Which cavity contains the spinal cord? 3.Which cavity contains the ovaries? 4.Which cavity contains the stomach? 5.Which cavity contains the lungs? 6.Which cavity consists of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities?

54. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.8

55. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Right hypo- chondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Left lumbar region Left hypo- chondriac region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder