1. NEWTON Objective: Describe five types of commercially available pipe and tubing : steel pipe, ductile iron pipe, steel tubing, copper tubing, and plastic pipe and tubing.

2. Steel Pipe Steel pipes are long, hollow tubes that are used for a variety of purposes. Standard pipe sizes are designed by the nominal size and schedule number. Schedule numbers are related to the permissible operating pressure of the pipe and allow stress of the steel in the pipe. Range of schedule number is from 60-160,higher numbers indicate a heavier wall thickness. Refer to Appendix F.

3. Steel Tubing Standard steel tubing is used in fluid power systems, condensers, heat exchangers, engine fuel systems and industrial fluid processing systems. Sizes are designated by outside diameter and wall thickness. Refer to Appendix G.

4. Copper Tubing Six types of copper tubing which to use depends on the application, considering the environment, fluid pressure and fluid properties. They are; Copper tubing is available in either a soft, annealed condition of hard drawn. Drawn tubing is stiffer and stronger, maintains a straight form and can carry higher pressure. Annealed tubing is easier to form into coils and other shapes. Standard sizes for Types K,L,M and DWV are all 1/8 less than the actual outside diameter. The wall thickness are different so the inside diameter and flow areas vary. Size for Type ACR tubing is equal to the outside diameter. Refer to Appendix H.

5. Ductile Iron Pipe Water, gas and sewage lines are often made of ductile iron pipe because of its strength, ductility and relative ease of handling. Standard fittings are supplied with the pipe for convenient installation above or below ground. Available use in systems with a range of pressures Refer to Appendix I.

6. Plastic Pipe and Tubing Plastic pipe and tubing are being used in light weight, ease of installation, corrosion and chemical resistance and very good flow characteristics present advantages. Used widely in many industrial application. Types of plastics are used such as polyethylene (PE), cross- linked polyethylene (PEX), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), food- grade vinyl and nylon.

7. Hydraulic Hose Used in hydraulic fluid power systems and other industrial applications where flow must flex in service. Defines many standard types and sizes according to their pressure rating and flow capacity. Pressure ratings range from 240kPa to 69MPa to cover high-pressure fluid power and hydraulic jacking applications to low-pressure suction and return lines and low-pressure fluid transfer applications.