1. Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law Energy cannot be _________________, only transformed No energy transformation is _____ efficient The Second Law _______ Increases Created or Destroyed 100% Entropy

2. Pyramid of Biomass The Sun Photosynthesis (P/S) Producers Consumers __________ ________ _ Levels 10,000 Pounds _Pounds Pounds Trophic Autotrophs Heterotrophs 1. 2. 3.

3. Trophic Levels Phytoplankton: Trophic Level 1 Herbivores: Trophic Level 2 Small Carnivores: Trophic Level 3 Large Carnivores: Trophic Level 4 Tuna Sharks Trophic Level 5 Swordfish The Sun 1-2% Efficient 10% Efficient

4. Autotrophs = Diatoms: Marine Phytoplankton are? Photosynthetic organisms that are capable of making their own food Marine primary producers. They are photosynthetic.

5. Primary Production A Measure of the ____________________ Deserts 200 pounds of edible vegetation produced per acre per year Tropical Rain Forests 10,000 pounds of edible vegetation produced per acre per year Rate of photosynthesis

6. Type of consumer? Common name? Where am I found? Herbivores are primary consumers Roosevelt Elk Old growth forests

7. Type of consumer? Carnivores are secondary consumers

8. Omnivores? Coyotes are omnivores since they eat both meat and plant material

9. Role in ecosystem? Kingdom? Fungi are decomposers Fungi

10. P.E.VersusK.E Potential Energy Energy of Position Chemical bond energy Kinetic Energy Energy of Motion Released when chemical bonds are broken 1.2. 3.4.

11. Atomic Structure: The Nucleus Protons Neutrons Charge = Weight = Charge = Weight = +1 1 0 1

12. Electron Orbitals or Energy Levels Electrons Charge = Weight = Helium Atom 0

13. e-e- 1P 6P 6N 2e - 4e - Hydrogen Carbon

14. Ionic Bonds Bonds that form between_____ Give an example of an ion? Ions (charged atoms) H+H+

15. Covalent Bonds Bonds that form when atoms ? e-e- Hydrogen 1 P

16. Acids and Bases Acids: Release Bases: Release Hydrogen ions Hydroxide ions H+H+ OH -

17. H+H+ H+H+ HCl H+H+ Cl - NaOH Na + OH - H3XH3X H+H+ X -3 H2OH2O H+H+ OH - I II III IV Acids and Bases

18. The pH Scale 014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H + = OH -. AcidicBasic

19. The pH Scale What is a buffer? Human blood = pH 7.4

20. Monomeres versus Polymers Glucose_________ Amino acids_________ NucleotidesDNA and RNA Starch Glycogen Cellulose Proteins

21. Digestion Carbohydrates________ Lipids__________ Proteins________

22. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Blood Sugar = ___________ Fruit Sugar = ___________ Milk Monosaccharide = __________ Disaccharides Sucrose = Glucose + __________ Lactose = Glucose + __________ Maltose = Glucose + __________ Polysaccharides Starch = Storage form of glucose in __________ Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in ________ Cellulose = Plant__________________ Glucose Fructose Galactose Fructose Galactose Glucose Plants Animals Cell Walls

23. Proteins: The Primary Structure

24. Enzymes are Specialized? Enzymes are catalyst Catalysts increase the rates of chemical reactions Many enzymes names have ase endings SucroseGlucose + Fructose Sucrase Lactose Lactase Glucose + Galactose

25. Solution = Solute + Solvent Solute = Solvent = The Universal Solvent is? What is the percentage of Solute in: 1.Solution A? 2.Solution B? What is the percentage of Solvent in 1.Solution A? 2. Solution B?

26. Proteins Composed of ___________ Contains the element __________ Source of nitrogenous wastes Most fish Sharks, frogs, humans Reptiles and birds Amino acids Nitrogen (N)

27. Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins that __________________ Increase the rates of chemical reactions

28. Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O+ E______ + _____ What is the energy source that drives P/S? What is the primary photosynthetic pigment? A measure of the amount of photosynthesis is called? glucoseOxygen Solar (Energy from the sun) Chlorophyll Primary production

29. Elodea : A Plant Cell What are these green things?

30. Cellular Respiration ______ + ___ 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP Eat BreatheExhale Energy ATP Energy in a form the cell can use “Cellular Gasoline” Where in the cell does most ATP porduction occur?

31. Autotrophs Versus Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs

32. Pyramid of Biomass How many trophic levels are in this pyramid? Plants 100,000 Pounds Light EFood E Herbivores ________ Pounds Carnivores _______ Pounds The Sun 1 – 2 % Efficient 10% Efficient

33. Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

34. Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells ________ White Blood Cell _________Bacterial Cell ________or “false foot” created by?

35. Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells

37. 1. 2. 3. A Plant Cell

38. Mitochondrion Site of? Most of the ATP in cellular respiration is made here C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP

39. Choloroplasts: The Site Of?

40. Cilia and Flagella

41. Cell Secretion is called?

42. Cell Eating is called?

43. Diffusion The movement of __________ from a region of ______concentration to a region of ______concentration The driving force for diffusion is Brownian movement Diffusion stops at ____________

44. Osmosis The movement of _____ from a region of high ______ concentration to a region of low _____ concentration through a ____________________.

45. Practice A is ____________ to B B is ____________ to A Solution A What is the percentage of : 1. Solute? 2. Solvent?

46. Osmoregulation In Marine Fish 0.9% Salt 3.5% Salt The fish is ____________ to the sea water

47. Osmoregulation In Freshwater Fish 0.9% Salt 0.2% Salt The fish is _______________ to the water

48. Modes of Heat Loss and Heat Gain Radiation Heat moving from a region of ____ to ____ Conduction Heat loss or gain from _______________ Convection Heat loss or gain due to water or _____ currents The still layer of air or water around any object is called the ____________ Evaporation: The most effective mode of heat loss for terrestrial animals

49. Ectothermic Versus Endothermic Mostly Poikilothermic _____ Metabolic Rate The primary source of body temperature is the __________ Mostly Homeothermic ____ Metabolic Rate The primary source of body temperature is ____________