1. Impact of Biodiesel in Ozone Production in Atlanta Siv Balachandran EAS 6410 4/24/07 Siv Balachandran EAS 6410 4/24/07

2. Outline Motivation Biodiesel Ozone Pollution Formation Overview of OZIPR Model Assumptions Model Results Conclusions Motivation Biodiesel Ozone Pollution Formation Overview of OZIPR Model Assumptions Model Results Conclusions

3. Motivation Ozone is a primary pollutant under NAAQS 8 hour standard: 0.08 ppm 1 hour standard: 0.12 ppm –Only for certain areas –Altanta falls under this Effects of ozone –Health (respiratory) –Damage to vegitation Ozone is a primary pollutant under NAAQS 8 hour standard: 0.08 ppm 1 hour standard: 0.12 ppm –Only for certain areas –Altanta falls under this Effects of ozone –Health (respiratory) –Damage to vegitation

4. Ozone Trends in Atlanta http://www.grta.org/news_section/2005_Publications/2004_AQ_report_final.pdf

5. Non-attainment Areas in Atlanta http://www.grta.org/news_section/2005_Publications/2004_AQ_report_final.pdf

6. Recent Interest in Biofuels Driven by several factors –Diesel emissions –Local self reliance –New markets for agricultural crops Alternative Fuel Laws Driven by several factors –Diesel emissions –Local self reliance –New markets for agricultural crops Alternative Fuel Laws

7. Biodiesel Biodiesel = Tranesterifciation (Vegetable Oil) Often catalyzed by acid or base Byproducts –Glycerin, alcohol, catalyst Biodiesel = Tranesterifciation (Vegetable Oil) Often catalyzed by acid or base Byproducts –Glycerin, alcohol, catalyst en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel, www.biodiesel.org

8. Biodiesel Yields The Global Petroleum Club via en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel

9. Biodiesel Emission Impacts EPA Draft Technical Report: A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions

10. Ozone Pollution Formation ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/pub/trop/publications/jacobbook/bookchap12.pdf R1-R3: OH production R4-R7: O3 production R8-R9: sinks R1-R3: OH production R4-R7: O3 production R8-R9: sinks

11. Ozone Pollution Formation ftp://ftp.as.harvard.edu/pub/trop/publications/jacobbook/bookchap12.pdf

12. OZIPR Model http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_alt.htm#ozipr 1-D photochemical box model Trajectory model –Well mixed column of air from ground to mixed layer –Column moves with wind trajectory but cannot expand horizontally 48 runs –3 different meteorological conditions per season –Rural, Urban, Carbonyl, No Carbonyl 1-D photochemical box model Trajectory model –Well mixed column of air from ground to mixed layer –Column moves with wind trajectory but cannot expand horizontally 48 runs –3 different meteorological conditions per season –Rural, Urban, Carbonyl, No Carbonyl

13. OZIPR Meteorological Conditions

14. OZIPR Assumptions Most basic level of OZIPR was used for this study –8AM - 8PM analysis Atlanta Summer Met. Condition 2 Urban with Carbonyl Emissions (ATLSU2UC) OZIPR - unusually high default emissions Emissions reduction percentages applied equally to each of the hourly emissions Most basic level of OZIPR was used for this study –8AM - 8PM analysis Atlanta Summer Met. Condition 2 Urban with Carbonyl Emissions (ATLSU2UC) OZIPR - unusually high default emissions Emissions reduction percentages applied equally to each of the hourly emissions

15. Emissions Assumptions Only HDDV analyzed Emission impacts from fuels –NREL study –Eastern USA –Net Reduction = (HDDV% of Mobile Emissions) x (Mobile% of Total Emissions) x (Emissions Reductions) ULSD only reduced NOx emissions Only HDDV analyzed Emission impacts from fuels –NREL study –Eastern USA –Net Reduction = (HDDV% of Mobile Emissions) x (Mobile% of Total Emissions) x (Emissions Reductions) ULSD only reduced NOx emissions http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/33793.pdf

16. Model Results

18. Discussion B20, B100 and ULSD scenarios had little impact on O3 levels Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU2UC): –No Biodiesel: 189.4 ppb –B20: 189.4 ppb –B100: 189.4 ppb –ULSD: 187.8 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 174.2 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 8.03% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 0.08% decrease in O3 B20, B100 and ULSD scenarios had little impact on O3 levels Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU2UC): –No Biodiesel: 189.4 ppb –B20: 189.4 ppb –B100: 189.4 ppb –ULSD: 187.8 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 174.2 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 8.03% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 0.08% decrease in O3

19. Discussion Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU1UC): –No Biodiesel: 152 ppb –B20: 152.1 ppb –B100: 152.3 ppb –ULSD: 149.5 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 137.1 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 9.80% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 1.65% decrease in O3 Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU1UC): –No Biodiesel: 152 ppb –B20: 152.1 ppb –B100: 152.3 ppb –ULSD: 149.5 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 137.1 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 9.80% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 1.65% decrease in O3

20. Discussion Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU3UC): –No Biodiesel: 121.7 ppb –B20: 121.6 ppb –B100: 122 ppb –ULSD: 118.3 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 101.7 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 16.4% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 2.79% decrease in O3 Max 1 hour concentrations (ATLSU3UC): –No Biodiesel: 121.7 ppb –B20: 121.6 ppb –B100: 122 ppb –ULSD: 118.3 ppb –50% NOx reduction: 101.7 ppb 50% NOx reduction leads to 16.4% decrease in O3 ULSD scenario - 2.79% decrease in O3

21. Conclusions Biodiesel use in HDDV doesn’t help in O3 reductions, but it doesn’t appear to hurt it –Other benefits ULSD has more impact on O3 than B20 or B100 NOx reduction is very important for O3 production Atlanta Food vs. fuel Biodiesel use in HDDV doesn’t help in O3 reductions, but it doesn’t appear to hurt it –Other benefits ULSD has more impact on O3 than B20 or B100 NOx reduction is very important for O3 production Atlanta Food vs. fuel