1. Climate Connections

2. Weather = Short term Day-to-day characteristics of atmospheric conditions Day-to-day characteristics of atmospheric conditions http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=- 1701258125467416750&ei=tsr9SImnIqGI- gGGlYSJBA&q=bad+weather&hl=en http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=- 1701258125467416750&ei=tsr9SImnIqGI- gGGlYSJBA&q=bad+weather&hl=en http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=- 1701258125467416750&ei=tsr9SImnIqGI- gGGlYSJBA&q=bad+weather&hl=en http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=- 1701258125467416750&ei=tsr9SImnIqGI- gGGlYSJBA&q=bad+weather&hl=en

3. Climate = Long term A long-term pattern of weather A long-term pattern of weather –This can vary because of: Latitude Latitude Elevation Elevation Coastal regions Coastal regions Wind and pressure systems move from one part of the country to another. Wind and pressure systems move from one part of the country to another.

4. Latitude This map shows average annual temperature This map shows average annual temperature The distance from the equator is a key factor in whether a region is hot or cold. The distance from the equator is a key factor in whether a region is hot or cold. The size of a landmass is also a key element. The size of a landmass is also a key element. Places closer to the North and South poles experience colder temperatures than those at the equator because the same amount of energy is spread over a larger area Places closer to the North and South poles experience colder temperatures than those at the equator because the same amount of energy is spread over a larger area

5. Relief and Elevation Mountain ranges act as barriers to the movement of air masses Mountain ranges act as barriers to the movement of air masses Mountains cause precipitation Mountains cause precipitation Temperature drops as elevation increases Temperature drops as elevation increases –As air rises, it expands because there is less air pressure. As the air expands, it loses heat.

6. Continental Areas far from oceans and large lakes have continental climates Areas far from oceans and large lakes have continental climates –The temperature range is great because there are no large water bodies to moderate the hot temperatures. –Therefore, it is cold in the winter, hot in the summer. –Continental examples: __________, ________, _____________

7. Maritime Environments Coastal locations have maritime climates Coastal locations have maritime climates –Because water holds heat very well, even in the winter, the temperatures are high There is very little change in summer and winter temperatures There is very little change in summer and winter temperatures –Maritime examples: __________, ________, _____________

8. Moderating Effect of Water Oceans and lakes heat up and cool down more slowly than land masses. Oceans and lakes heat up and cool down more slowly than land masses. In summer, a body of water remains cooler than the land surrounding it. In summer, a body of water remains cooler than the land surrounding it. In winter, bodies of water retain their heat and are warmer than the land. In winter, bodies of water retain their heat and are warmer than the land. Therefore, maritime locations near a large body of water have cooler summers and milder winters than continental locations Therefore, maritime locations near a large body of water have cooler summers and milder winters than continental locations

9. Ocean Currents The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of air that passes over it. The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of air that passes over it. Compare Scotland's temperature with Whitehorse’s temp Compare Scotland's temperature with Whitehorse’s temp http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/vid eo/3204/w02-220.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/vid eo/3204/w02-220.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/vid eo/3204/w02-220.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/vid eo/3204/w02-220.html http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8780- time-and-temperature-forecasting-hurricanes- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8780- time-and-temperature-forecasting-hurricanes- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8780- time-and-temperature-forecasting-hurricanes- video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8780- time-and-temperature-forecasting-hurricanes- video.htm

10. Air Masses A large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area where it is formed A large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area where it is formed See textbook page 131 figure 12-7 See textbook page 131 figure 12-7 As the air passes over land, the moisture is released in some form of precipitation As the air passes over land, the moisture is released in some form of precipitation Therefore it is wetter in a maritime region than a continental region Therefore it is wetter in a maritime region than a continental region

11. Pressure Systems Air pressure = Weight of the air Air pressure = Weight of the air Differences in air pressure are created when the earth is heated to different temperatures. Differences in air pressure are created when the earth is heated to different temperatures. Warm air is lighter than dense cool air. Warm air is lighter than dense cool air. WARM AIR RISES WARM AIR RISES –As the warm air rises, it cools. When it cools it falls toward the earth and creates an area of high pressure.

12. Winds – Differences in air pressure produce winds 1. Heating of the ground by the sun warms the air above it and causes the air to rise. This produces a low-pressure area. 2. The air cools and sinks. This produces a high pressure area. 3. Air pressure at ground level moves from high pressure to low pressure, creating winds.

13. Winds – drawn graphically

14. Precipitation NEED TO KNOW Air cools as it rises. Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapour condenses more than it evaporates. As air cools, water vapour condenses more than it evaporates. Air rises for 3 main reasons… Air rises for 3 main reasons…

15. To move across an area of high elevation: Relief precipitation Mountain barriers create relief precipitation Mountain barriers create relief precipitation As moist air rises up the windward slope of a mountain range, it expands and cools As moist air rises up the windward slope of a mountain range, it expands and cools As air cools, the rate of evaporation decreases while the rate of condensation increases As air cools, the rate of evaporation decreases while the rate of condensation increases As more water vapour condenses, the cloud drops become larger. When they are too heavy to remain suspended, they fall to the ground as precipitation. As more water vapour condenses, the cloud drops become larger. When they are too heavy to remain suspended, they fall to the ground as precipitation. On the leeward slope, air contracts and becomes warmer. More evaporation occurs. On the leeward slope, air contracts and becomes warmer. More evaporation occurs.

16. Convectional Precipitation – summer time precipitation Common in the prairie provinces, Ontario, and Quebec Common in the prairie provinces, Ontario, and Quebec –Here the air heats the land very quickly during the long summer days. –Sometimes during the late summer afternoons you may see these puffy clouds forming into towering clouds with dark bases.

17. Convectional Precipitation

19. Cyclonic Precipitation Air masses do not easily mix; instead, a boundary or Front forms between them. This front is like a battlefield in the sky. It is here that cyclonic precipitation develops Air masses do not easily mix; instead, a boundary or Front forms between them. This front is like a battlefield in the sky. It is here that cyclonic precipitation develops A cyclonic storm is a large, low pressure system that forms when a warm air mass and a cold air mass collide A cyclonic storm is a large, low pressure system that forms when a warm air mass and a cold air mass collide

20. Cyclonic Precipitation

21. In North America, these low pressure storm systems move from west to east throughout the year and spread precipitation over large areas. In North America, these low pressure storm systems move from west to east throughout the year and spread precipitation over large areas. Most of the precipitation in the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada is cyclonic. Most of the precipitation in the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada is cyclonic. The ice storm of 1998 was a large cyclonic storm that stalled over eastern North America. The ice storm of 1998 was a large cyclonic storm that stalled over eastern North America.

22. Today’s weather http://www.theweathernetwork.com/index.php?product=weathermaps&pagecontent=weatherma ps&maptype=sys http://www.theweathernetwork.com/index.php?product=weathermaps&pagecontent=weatherma ps&maptype=sys http://www.theweathernetwork.com/index.php?product=weathermaps&pagecontent=weatherma ps&maptype=sys http://www.theweathernetwork.com/index.php?product=weathermaps&pagecontent=weatherma ps&maptype=sys