1. The Mughal Empire In India 1526-1707

2. Mughals- Who Are They??? Muslim Turks, Afghans and Mongols Muslim Turks, Afghans and Mongols “Mughal” means Mongols “Mughal” means Mongols 700-1000:Hindus and Muslims clash, with Muslims advancing only towards Indus River Valley 700-1000:Hindus and Muslims clash, with Muslims advancing only towards Indus River Valley 1000: Turkish armies enter India, led by Sultan Mahmud, and devastate Indian cities and temples, leaving region weak and vulnerable 1000: Turkish armies enter India, led by Sultan Mahmud, and devastate Indian cities and temples, leaving region weak and vulnerable

3. Mughals- Who Are They??? Turkish Warlords (Delhi Sultanate) establish Delhi as its capital Turkish Warlords (Delhi Sultanate) establish Delhi as its capital Treat Hindus as conquered people Treat Hindus as conquered people Delhi Sultanate (1200-1600): 33 different sultans rule over territory Delhi Sultanate (1200-1600): 33 different sultans rule over territory 1398: Timur the Lame destroys Delhi 1398: Timur the Lame destroys Delhi Eventually rebuilt, but territories not unified as an empire until the 16 th century Eventually rebuilt, but territories not unified as an empire until the 16 th century

4. Mughals- Who Are They??? 1494: 11 year old boy, Babur, inherits a tiny kingdom in what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan 1494: 11 year old boy, Babur, inherits a tiny kingdom in what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Elders take land away from him and forces him to leave (heads south) Elders take land away from him and forces him to leave (heads south) Babur builds an army & enters India (beginnings of Mughal Empire) Babur builds an army & enters India (beginnings of Mughal Empire)

5. Mughals- Who Are They??? 1526: Babur leads an army of 12,000 troops against an army of 100,000 (led by a Delhi Sultan) 1526: Babur leads an army of 12,000 troops against an army of 100,000 (led by a Delhi Sultan) Babur and his army win Babur and his army win Humayun: loses most of territory obtained by Babur Humayun: loses most of territory obtained by Babur Akbar and the Golden Age of the Mughal Empire Akbar and the Golden Age of the Mughal Empire

7. Akbar’s Golden Age (1556-1605) Connect with people through his presence; wanted to be seen Connect with people through his presence; wanted to be seen “A king must always be aggressive so that his neighbors will not try to conquer him” “A king must always be aggressive so that his neighbors will not try to conquer him” Militarily Militarily Politically Politically Culturally Culturally

8. Akbar’s Golden Age (1556-1605) Militarily Militarily Heavy artillery; canons→ break down walls & extend rule into Deccan Plateau Heavy artillery; canons→ break down walls & extend rule into Deccan Plateau Appoints rajputs (sons of kings, old rulers on India) as gov’t officials Appoints rajputs (sons of kings, old rulers on India) as gov’t officials Enables him to unify a land of over 100 million people Enables him to unify a land of over 100 million people

9. Akbar’s Golden Age (1556-1605) Politically Politically Establishes a bureaucracy, in which all peoples could advance within Establishes a bureaucracy, in which all peoples could advance within Chief finance minister, Todal Mal (Hindu), creates a graduated income tax policy (amt. you pay depends on value of crops) Chief finance minister, Todal Mal (Hindu), creates a graduated income tax policy (amt. you pay depends on value of crops) Land given to gov’t officials, but reclaims it after they die Land given to gov’t officials, but reclaims it after they die Abolishes tax on non-Muslims Abolishes tax on non-Muslims

10. Akbar’s Golden Age (1556-1605) Culturally- was Muslim; defends rel. freedom Culturally- was Muslim; defends rel. freedom Married Hindu princesses (didn’t have to convert) Married Hindu princesses (didn’t have to convert) Language Language Persian Language spoke in gov’t & high society Persian Language spoke in gov’t & high society Hindi- spoken by “common people” (Combo of Persian & a local Hindu language); spoken today Hindi- spoken by “common people” (Combo of Persian & a local Hindu language); spoken today Urdu- spoken by soldiers; “from the soldier’s camp” (Combo of Arabic, Persian & Hindi); official language of Pakistan today Urdu- spoken by soldiers; “from the soldier’s camp” (Combo of Arabic, Persian & Hindi); official language of Pakistan today

11. Akbar’s Golden Age (1556-1605) Culturally Culturally Arts & Architecture Arts & Architecture Miniatures- small, highly detailed & colorful book illustrations; most famous inside Akbarnamah (“Book of Akbar”) Miniatures- small, highly detailed & colorful book illustrations; most famous inside Akbarnamah (“Book of Akbar”) Akbar period architecture- massive, yet graceful; displaces Hindu themes Akbar period architecture- massive, yet graceful; displaces Hindu themes Fatehpur Sikri (capital city)- built with red sandstone to thank a holy man who predicted birth of Akbar’s 1 st son Fatehpur Sikri (capital city)- built with red sandstone to thank a holy man who predicted birth of Akbar’s 1 st son

12. “Festivities During the Occasion of the Coronation of Jahangir” (1605)