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4. Ethical Guidelines for Human Research Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research Biases in Experimental Design Ethical Considerations Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... > Ethical Considerations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology?campaign_content=book_5997_section_22&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_me dium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Ethical guidelines that govern the use of human subjects in research are a fairly new, but important, construct developing after unethical and harmful experiments such as the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. As a result of various experiments and unethical episodes in United States history, several organizations were put in place to help monitor clinical research involving humans. At most colleges and universities, institutional review boards, also known as ethics committees, are formally chosen to approve, review, and monitor bio- medical and behavioral research involving humans. Key ethical guidelines include the assurance of confidentiality, informed consent, and debriefing. Ethical Guidelines for Human Research Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/introduction-to-psychology-and-psychological-research-1/ethical-considerations-22/ethical-guidelines-for-human-research-121- 12665?campaign_content=book_5997_section_22&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Scales: Right or Wrong View on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... > Ethical Considerations

6. Whether researching on humans or animals, an experiment's design and application must be ethical; however, how we define "ethical" across species is the subject of much debate. While a person can consent to participating in research after being informed of its goals and methods (and this is in fact a mandatory guideline for ethical research among humans), this is not a possibility for animals. From a purely economic standpoint, many argue that animal research is more affordable and economically sound than research conducted on humans. One main argument surrounding animal testing is on the basis of whether or not animals have rights, and whether or not they should be granted legal rights to be protected. The principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement are used to guide more ethical use of animals in testing and research. Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/introduction-to-psychology-and-psychological-research-1/ethical-considerations-22/ethical-guidelines-for-animal-research-122- 12666?campaign_content=book_5997_section_22&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Animal Testing by the Numbers View on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... > Ethical Considerations

7. Sampling bias is when the sample in question is not representative of the general population. Selection bias occurs when the participants in the sample are not equally and fairly selected for both the experimental and control groups; this renders any results meaningless. Response bias is when only highly motivated people return a survey. When this occurs, the resulting data is biased toward those with the motivation to answer and submit and is therefore not representative of the population as a whole. External validity is the ability to apply conclusions gathered from the results of an experiment to the general population. Data sets with little variability have values that are similar to each other; data sets with high variability have values that are more spread out. Biases in Experimental Design Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/introduction-to-psychology-and-psychological-research-1/ethical-considerations-22/biases-in-experimental-design-123- 12667?campaign_content=book_5997_section_22&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Research Bias View on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... > Ethical Considerations

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms bias An inclination, predisposition, or prejudice toward something. ethical Of or relating to the accepted principles of right and wrong, especially those of some organization or profession. ethical Of, or relating to, the accepted principles of right and wrong especially those of some organization or profession. external validity In research, whether or not study findings can be generalized to real-world scenarios. law of diminishing returns The tendency for a continuing effort toward a particular goal to decline in efficacy after a certain amount of success has been achieved. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

10. Animal Testing by the Numbers The proportion of animals used in research testing in Europe in 2005. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Animal testing." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testingView on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

11. Scales: Right or Wrong Ethical guidelines present a way for a researcher to balance moral issues when conducting research or experiments on human subjects. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Brass scales with cupped trays." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brass_scales_with_cupped_trays.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brass_scales_with_cupped_trays.pngView on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

12. Research Bias When conducting research, sample and selection biases can impact the results of the research. This will impact whether the data is externally valid, in that it can be applied to the general public. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Less Wrong. "How to Fix Science - Less Wrong." License: Other http://lesswrong.com/lw/ajj/ View on Boundless.comLicense: Otherhttp://lesswrong.com/lw/ajj/View on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

13. Right or Wrong Decision Ethical guidelines help researchers make the right decisions, such as getting informed consent from human subjects. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces. "Webquest - The decision to drop the bomb - home." CC BY-SA http://myfirstwiki1546789.wikispaces.com/ View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://myfirstwiki1546789.wikispaces.com/View on Boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... Research-related human rights abuses over the years have resulted in ________. A) a lapse in ethical guidelines B) a decrease in research funding C) the creation of ethical guidelines D) an increase in independent research

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... Research-related human rights abuses over the years have resulted in ________. A) a lapse in ethical guidelines B) a decrease in research funding C) the creation of ethical guidelines D) an increase in independent research

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... The ethical issues using animals in psychological research include which of the following: A) Research on humans or animals should be ethical in design and application. B) All of these answers. C) Animals are entitled to rights, similar to humans, to protect their well- being and interests. D) When possible, researchers should use non-animal methods to alleviate pain, suffering, and distress.

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... The ethical issues using animals in psychological research include which of the following: A) Research on humans or animals should be ethical in design and application. B) All of these answers. C) Animals are entitled to rights, similar to humans, to protect their well- being and interests. D) When possible, researchers should use non-animal methods to alleviate pain, suffering, and distress.

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... For his study on the relationship between sleep and mental health, a researcher uses all white male subjects from a large local college. His study have low external validity because of _____. A) high variability B) expectation bias C) low reliability D) sampling bias

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... For his study on the relationship between sleep and mental health, a researcher uses all white male subjects from a large local college. His study have low external validity because of _____. A) high variability B) expectation bias C) low reliability D) sampling bias

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... A type of cognitive bias in which respondents answer questions in the way they think the questioner wants them to answer is known as: A) selection bias. B) sampling bias. C) response bias. D) expectation bias.

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re... A type of cognitive bias in which respondents answer questions in the way they think the questioner wants them to answer is known as: A) selection bias. B) sampling bias. C) response bias. D) expectation bias.

22. Attribution Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Human subjects in clinical research." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_research#Psychological_ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_research#Psychological_Experiments Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Human subjects in clinical research." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_researchCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_research Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Criticisms of Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Criticisms_of_PsychologyCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Criticisms_of_Psychology Wiktionary. "ethical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethicalCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethical Wikibooks. "Social Psychology/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/IntroductionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Psychology/Introduction Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Human subjects in clinical research." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_research#Psychological_ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Human_subjects_in_clinical_research#Psychological_Experiments Wikipedia. "The Three Rs (animals)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Rs_(animals)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Rs_(animals) Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Using Animals in Research." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Using_Animals_in_ResearchCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Using_Animals_in_Research Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Using Animals in Research." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Using_Animals_in_ResearchCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Using_Animals_in_Research Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Research Methods in Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Research_Methods_in_PsychologyCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Research_Methods_in_Psychology Wiktionary. "ethical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethicalCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethical Wikibooks. "Introduction to Sociology/Social psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Social_psychologyCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Social_psychology Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Research Methods in Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Research_Methods_in_PsychologyCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Research_Methods_in_Psychology Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Experiments." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Experiments Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Experiments." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Experiments Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Experiments." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Experiments Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Experiments." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/ExperimentsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Experiments Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...

23. Wiktionary. "law of diminishing returns." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law+of+diminishing+returnsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law+of+diminishing+returns Wiktionary. "bias." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biasCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Indexes, Scales, Typologies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Indexes,_Scales,_TypologiesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Indexes,_Scales,_Typologies Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Indexes, Scales, Typologies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Indexes,_Scales,_TypologiesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Indexes,_Scales,_Typologies Wikibooks. "Social Research Methods/Surveys." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/SurveysCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_Research_Methods/Surveys Wikipedia. "external validity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/external%20validityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/external%20validity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Introduction to Psychology and Psychological Re...