1. Introduction to Social Survey Methodology Map Your Hazards! Combining Natural Hazards with Societal Issues

2. Rules of Practice for Research Appropriate Questions Ethics, Credibility, Reliability, Validity Technique and Design Proper Sampling Pilot Testing Analysis Specific Purpose for Study – What are you trying to describe, explain or explore? 2

3. Appropriate Questions & Means Collecting information about individuals: – Attitudes, ideas, beliefs, opinions, feelings, background, behavior, orientations or plans for the future Questionnaires (Surveys) vs. Interviews Quantitative vs. Qualitative – Systematic and structured questions (closed) – Open-ended, more descriptive 3

4. Ethics, Credibility, Validity, Reliability Ethics – Protect privacy of individuals, confidentiality, willingness to participate Credibility – Conveys purpose, how worthwhile it is, and who is responsible Validity – Data test hypothesis, measure what it claims to measure Reliability – Consistent measure and representative 4

5. Population/Sample Who is your target population? Identify representative sample and make generalizations – Sample size: The larger the better. Good size is between 100–250. Need at least 30 to be reliable (including interviews) – Random: known chance of inclusion – Non-random measures: Snowball Quota (street survey) “Accidental” (student projects) 5

6. Research Design Relevance – What are you trying to discover (do questions get at this)? Comprehensiveness – What are the independent & dependent variables? How do you classify? Is it clear? Aptness – Data that are readily coded and analyzed Feasibility – Not too long or complicated Unambiguous – Are the questions and categories exhaustive and mutually exclusive? 6

7. Question Formats Scales of measure (nominal, ordinal and interval) – Likert measures strength of motivations, attitudes, opinions (e.g. Strongly Agree – Strongly Disagree) – Checklists, rankings, ratings and degrees of importance (e.g. scale of 1–5) – Recurrent behavior (e.g. How often do you...) – Coded categories (e.g. yes/no, male/female) Including “DK” or “Other” as optional categories Open-ended (categories must be mutually exclusive) 7

8. Pilot Study Must conduct a trial run with sample survey to verify the design and fine-tune the questions – Looking for bias, clarity and spuriousness Everyone (even seasoned social scientists) goes through this process – Otherwise you end up with a lousy survey that will not get a good response 8

9. Data Analysis What will the questions produce? Discursive (summarize in words) Graphs (bar charts of nominal and ordinal variables) Histograms (continuous and interval data) Crosstabs (chi-square) Multivariate analysis (optional) 9