1. QUAESTIO: How do we know what we know about ancient Pompeii and the ancient Romans? NUNC AGENDA: Answer these questions in your notebooks: 1.What objects, materials, and other stuff can we study to learn about ancient Romans? 2. What do you think the phrase “material culture” means?

2. Things to help us understand the Ancient Romans

3.  What do you think the difference is between “primary” and “secondary” materials?  Primary: things from ancient times  Secondary: things written recently ABOUT ancient times

4. Primary Stuff  What are some “Primary” sources

5. Primary source material SourceWhat can it tell us? Physical Remains Bones (human / animal) buildings, parts of buildings, walls, roads, etc

12. Primary source material SourceWhat can it tell us? Physical Remains Bones (human / animal) buildings, parts of buildings, walls, roads, etc Tools, personal items, coins

13. Athletic equipment: jumping weights, javelin point, discus, strigil

14. Coin of Emperor Traianus Decius (249-251 AD), “ The Good- Fortune of this Age! ” Coin of Emperor Gaius “Caligula” with his sisters representing Security, Harmony, and Fortune.

15. Primary source material SourceWhat can it tell us? Physical Remains Pottery, glass, ceramics

16. Partially excavated miniature vases and figurines from Orchomenos in Greece

17. Sorted pottery sherds from an excavation in southern Turkey await cataloging

18. Primary Sources  Pottery

19. Primary source material  Written Documents  Papyrus (also bark, wood)  There are about 55,000 catalogued papyri  What is on them?

20. Primary source material SourceWhat can it tell us? Written Records Papyrus (also bark, wood) *there are about 55,000 catalogued papryi, what is written on them?

22. Papyrus from 221 BC written in Greek (there are few papyri written in Latin) petitioning King Ptolemy of Egypt for an official land surveyor to settle a dispute between neighbors.

23. Birthday party invitation from ca 100 AD, found written on tree bark at Vindolanda, Roman fortress in northern Britain

24. Primary source material SourceWhat can it tell us? Written Records Epigraphy *( Corpus Inscriptorum Latinorum has 180,000 inscriptions), what is on them?

25. Primary source material  Epigraphy

26. Primary source material  Written Documents  Texts (transmission of ancient literary works)  Genres: poetry, comedy, tragedy, history, philosophy, speeches, novels, biography  Estimations: 90-95% of all literature written between Homer (8 th c. BC and St. Augustine (d. 430 AD) has been lost.

27. textual stemma, showing the diverging paths a single original manuscript may take

28. Secondary Sources  Modern studies of the primary materials  Classical education (Latin and Greek) a part of Western education since Middle Ages, greater role in Renaissance, develops into university Classical Studies Departments especially 19 th and 20 th centuries

29. Our Lesson  Pottery  Epigraphy