1. Welcome to Biology Mrs. Webster Room 243

2. List the steps of the scientific method. List characteristics of life. What is the difference between growth and development? Place the following terms in order of least to most highly organized: tissue, atom, cell, organ system, molecule, organism, organ, biosphere, population, ecosystem, community

3. The Scientific Process MAKE OBSERVATIONS FORM QUESTIONS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS TEST HYPOTHESIS - REPEAT TESTS ANALYZE RESULTS CONCLUSION

4. THEORY PRINCIPLE Set of ideas that form a general frame of reference for further study Explanations have high probability of being valid Evidence is so over- whelming that the explanation is further elevated fundamental doctrine on which other concepts are based objectivity

5. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? A tentative explanation To be scientific must be testable Constructed to provide framework for stating the results of an experiment Must be more specific than problem

6. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CONTROLLED VARIABLE

7. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE THE CONDITION OR EVENT UNDER STUDY (What is being changed in the experiment?)

8. DEPENDENT VARIABLE Variables that can possibly change because of the presence of or change in an independent variable (What is measured in an experiment )

9. CONTROLLED VARIABLES (CONSTANTS) Conditions that could affect the outcome of an experiment but do not because they are held constant

10. RANDOM SAMPLING Subjects are randomly assorted into either experimental group or control group (ensures both groups are representative samples of the original population)

11. SAMPLING ERROR When a test group is not equivalent to a natural population, a sampling error is introduced to the experiment

12. SYSTEMATIC ERROR ERROR THAT OCCURS IN THE SAME DIRECTION EACH TIME AND IS ALWAYS EITHER TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW

13. Random error uncontrolled variation between observed or measured value & the value predicted by a standard or model (the “true” value) Measurements have an equal probability of being too high or too low.

14. ORGANIZING TEST RESULTS DATA TABLES GRAPHS

15. 2005-2206 annual and seasonal home ranges (km 2 ) for female black bear (Ursus americanus) in Garrett County, MD

16. 2005-2006 annual and seasonal home ranges (km 2 ) for female black bear (Ursus americanus) in Garrett County, MD km 2

17. Statistical Tests determine if differences between experimental data and control data are significant or likely due only to chance.

18. GENERALIZING FROM TEST RESULTS Hypothesis is accepted or rejected on basis of conclusions drawn Statement is written about new insights gained Apparent trends are noted Further problems and hypotheses are posed

19. IN SCIENCE THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE TRUTHS IN SCIENCE THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE TRUTHS AN IDEA IS CORRECT WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF OBSERVATIONS & TESTS WHICH IT IS DERIVED

20. THEORY PRINCIPLE Set of ideas that form a general frame of reference for further study Explanations have high probability of being valid Evidence is so over- whelming that the explanation is further elevated fundamental doctrine on which other concepts are based objectivity

21. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? A tentative explanation To be scientific must be testable Constructed to provide framework for stating the results of an experiment Must be more specific than problem

22. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CONTROLLED VARIABLE

23. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE THE CONDITION OR EVENT UNDER STUDY (what is changed in the experiment)

24. DEPENDENT VARIABLE Variables that can possibly change because of the presence of or change in an independent variable (What is measured in an experiment )

25. CONTROLLED VARIABLES (CONSTANTS) Conditions that could affect the outcome of an experiment but do not because they are held constant

26. RANDOM SAMPLING Subjects are randomly assorted into either experimental group or control group (ensures both groups are representative samples of the original or natural population)

27. SAMPLING ERROR When a test group is not equivalent to a natural population, a sampling error is introduced to the experiment

28. SYSTEMATIC ERROR ERROR THAT OCCURS IN THE SAME DIRECTION EACH TIME AND IS ALWAYS EITHER TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW

29. Random error uncontrolled variation between observed or measured value & the value predicted by a standard or model (the “true” value) Measurements have an equal probability of being too high or too low.

30. ORGANIZING TEST RESULTS DATA TABLES GRAPHS

31. 2005-2206 annual and seasonal home ranges (km 2 ) for female black bear (Ursus americanus) in Garrett County, MD

32. km 2

33. Statistical Tests determine if differences between experimental data and control data are significant or likely due only to chance.

34. GENERALIZING FROM TEST RESULTS Hypothesis is accepted or rejected on basis of conclusions drawn Statement is written about new insights gained Apparent trends are noted Further problems and hypotheses are posed

35. What is biology?

36. What makes something living?

37. Characteristics of Life (textbook pp 16-20): 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, specialization increases until some cells do only certain things.

38. 2.Living things have Levels of Organization and they are highly organized: Both molecular and cellular organization. Living things must be able to organize simple substances into complex ones. Living things organize cells at several levels: Tissue - a group of cells that perform a common function. Organ - a group of tissues that perform a common function. Organ system - a group of organs that perform a common function. (p. 21 in textbook)

39. Living Things Obtain and Use Energy: Living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth.

40. Living Things Grow and Develop: Cell division - the orderly formation of new cells. Cell enlargement - the increase in size of a cell. Cells grow to a certain size and then divide. An organism gets larger as the number of its cells increases. Development – change in form or function

41. Living Things Reproduce: All living things reproduce in one of the following ways: Asexual repoduction - Producing offspring without the use of gametes. Sexual reproduction - Producing offspring by the joining of sex cells. Reproduction is not essential for the survival of individual organisms, but must occur for a species to survive.

42. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment: Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in a certain environment. Variation of individuals is important for a healthy species.

43. Living things react to a stimuli -

44. Maintain homeostasis