2.  Background - From Germany (poor) - Entered a monastery - Became a priest

3.  Religious Beliefs a. Justification by Faith - people could obtain forgiveness of their sin through God’s grace b. Bible was the final authority on religious matters / not the pope c. Urged people to the read the Bible for themselves / later he translated the Bible into German

4. d. Condemned the sale of indulgences - Pope Leo X - Buy forgiveness for sins - Certificate that stated a person was forgiven for past sin, future sin, or sins of a dead relative

5.  95 Thesis a. Document that officially criticized the church abuses b. nailed to the church doors at Wittenberg c. Was excommunicated by Pope Leo X d. Was ordered to recant – he refused e. Was condemned as a heretic f. Went into hiding in a castle (Prince Frederick) – escaped being burned at the stake

6.  Lutheranism a. Religion created by Martin Luther b. Encouraged the use of hymns c. Approved marriage of church priest d. Biblical preaching rather than rituals e. Vernacular rather than Latin

7.  John Calvin A.France B.Predestination – God determined a person’s life past, present, future C.Consistory – council that governed the lives of Calvinist, inspected homes and severally punished people who disobeyed religious teachings D.By 1600, Calvinist churches were well established all across Europe

8.  John Knox a. Follower of John Calvin b. Founder of Presbyterian

9.  Anabaptist a. Only adult members b. People could choose to become Christians (Catholics baptized babies) c. Refused to hold office, bear arms, swear oaths d. Separation of church and state