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Absolute Monarchs in Europe Chapter 21
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What is Absolutism? Political belief that one ruler should have total (ABOLUTELY ALL) power –Despot-Ruler with total power –Absolute Monarch-King or Queen with total power
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What is Absolutism? Based on the Divine Right of Kings –God created the monarchy –Monarch is God’s representative on Earth –Monarch answers only to God. Not to His/Her subjects
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Louis XIV Frances most powerful ruler – Sun King –“I am the State” –Built Palaces at Versailles to show his power and make other monarchs jealous
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Causes of Absolutism Long-term causes –Decline of Feudalism –Rise of cities and middle class –Rise of nationalism –Loss of Church authority
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Causes of Absolutism Short-Term Causes –Religious/territorial conflicts –Build-up of armies –Increasing taxes –Revolts by peasants or nobles
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Religious Wars Conflict between Catholics & Protestants (Huguenots) led to EIGHT civil wars in France form 1562 - 1598
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Religious Wars Thirty Years War in Germany (1618 – 1648) Key royal house = Hapsburg
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Religious Wars Thirty Years War in Germany (1618 – 1648) –Started when Bohemian Protestants revolted against the Catholic Hapsburg rulers –Conflict over religion, territory & power of ruling families involved almost all major Euro. powers
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Religious Wars Thirty Years War in Germany (1618 – 1648) Effects: –Devastated Germany’s Economy –Weakened Spain and Austria –Strengthened France –START OF MODERN STATE SYSTEM IN EUROPE.
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Some Absolute Monarchs Maria Theresa –Austria –Only inherited the throne after other European powers agreed to recognize her as heir
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Some Absolute Monarchs Frederick the Great –Prussia –Believed that a ruler should be like a father to his people
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Some Absolute Monarchs Philip II –Spain –Defended Catholicism & helped stimulate art and literature
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Some Absolute Monarchs Ivan the Terrible –Russia –Took Power from the Boyars (nobles) after accusing them of poisoning his wife
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There were Alternatives United provinces of the Netherlands –Religious tolerance –Elected governors depended on landowners & merchants for power
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There were Alternatives England –Parliament struggled with absolute rulers over money, religion and individual rights
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There were Alternatives England –Conflict eventually led to the English Civil War between Puritans and Royalists (Parliament) (the King)
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There were Alternatives England –English Civil War After the Puritans won Their leader, Oliver Cromwell became a military dictator
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There were Alternatives England –English Civil War The Monarchy was restored after his death…but it WAS NOT absolute
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There were Alternatives England –Glorious Revolution William & Mary came to power They agreed to a Constitutional Monarchy, where laws limit the rulers power
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Effects of Absolutism Short term effects –Rules about social gatherings & religion controlled the spread of ideas –Huge building projects –New government bureaucracies –Loss of power for nobility & legislatures (Parliament)
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Effects of Absolutism Long term Effects –French Revolution –Western European influences on Russia –English political reforms influence U.S. Democracy
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French Spanish British German
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