1. Pre-Columbian America and Europe

2. Myths & Realities

3. 1. Jose de Acosta 2. Pleistocene Epoch migration 60,000-15,000 BCE

4. 1. Folsom technology 2. Desert nomadism 3. Forest efficiency

6. 1. Complexity - population growth - gender roles: production & reproduction

7. 2. Urbanization 3000 BCE – 1200 CE - Anasazi Hopi, Zuni, Pueblos - Mississippian “mound builders” Ecological instability Bottle Creek

8. 1. N. America - decentralization Southwest - Pueblos, Pimas Southeast - Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee Northeast - Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca

9. 2. C. & S. America - Aztecs, Incas

10. In 1492 … - 2000 distinct cultures 60M ? - North America7-10M ? …Western Hemisphere had been “prepared” for invasion.

11. Colonization of the New and Old Worlds, 1500 - 1763

13. 1. Reason and nature - Renaissance 2. Imperial Ecology Prince Henry

14. 3. Small world

15. 1. Reformation and war 1535-1648 Peace of Westphalia 1648

16. 2. Absolute monarchy 1500s - 1700s James I (England) Louis XIV (France) Elizabeth I (England) Philip II (Spain) Peter the Great (Russia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Frederick the Great (Prussia) Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)

17. 3. Mercantilism “zero-sum” game joint stock companies

18. The Consequences of Colonization

19. 1. Portuguese Empire

20. 2. “New World” slavery

21. 1. Ecological Imperialism - success of Old World flora/fauna 2. The microbial exchange 1492 7-10M 1900250K

22. 3. Era of Western dominance (Modernity) - safety valve - commodities - economics of addiction tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar

23. 1. Pro Richard Hakluyt Jean Baptiste Colbert - spurred domestic growth - strengthened national position - empowered “absolute” monarchs

24. 2. Con Bartolomè de Las Casas 1590s - Jesuit critique Comte de Buffon 1770s - frontier debased humanity, civilization

25. Conclusion… 1) Native societies prepared New World for invasion 2) Modern Europe driven to expand 3) Advantages of colonization outweighed moral or intellectual objections